Test 1 BIO 1a03 Questions With
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Central Dogma - Answer theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to
RNA to proteins
what enzyme is used to transcribe DNA and describe the process - Answer RNA polymerase
attaches to specific promoter regions its these promoter regions which identifies the starting
point,
describe the DNA and RNA directionality and how the direction followed by RNA polymerase -
Answer the 5' end has the 5'phosphate on a nucleotide the other end is the 3' OH group of a
nucleotide
-traditionally read from 5' to 3'
- the RNA polymerase goes in a 3' to 5' direction
-synthesizing a molecule from the 5' to 3'
-
what are the stop and start regions of DNA called - Answer promoter (start) and stop regions
why does RNA polymerase need Sigma factors - Answer sigma factors facilitate binding to the
promoter region of the DNA
what do holoenzymes do - Answer they can bind and unwind the double stranded DNA helix
to allow for transcription
describe the process of transcription - Answer -RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region
- RNA polymerase begins to catalyze the production of antiparallel RNA that is complementary
to the template strand creating an RNA-DNA duplex
-template is read in 3' to 5' but the RNA is synthesized from 5' to 3'
why do ribonucleosides triphosphates pair with template DNA - Answer The phosphate bond
is used to drive the reaction to create a phosphodiester bond between the incoming nucleotide
and the RNA transcript
,- Rho-dependent terminator sequences use specific rho factors which bind and use ATP to move
along the formed RNA transcript and destabilases the interaction between RNA and DNA and
releases of the complex
What are transcription factors? - Answer mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the
initiation of transcription
different types of RNA polymerase and their function - Answer -RNA polymerase 1 and 3 both
transcribe structural non coding RNA, 1 focuses on Ribosomal RNA while 3 focuses on transfer
RNA
-RNA polymerase 2 that transcribes the messenger RNA
identify and describe some post transcriptional modifications that occur at the end of primary
mRNA transcript - Answer -5' cap and 3' poly tail
-these modification are these to ensure the export of mRNA from the nucleus and protect
against ribonuclease enzymes which target phosphodiester bonds
Describe the 5' cap - Answer 7-methylguanosine is attached through a 5'-5' triphosphate
linkage
what are exons - Answer sequences of mRNA that are needed for coding the sequence of
amino acids in the protien
what are introns - Answer the intervening sequences that are transcribed but not translated
into protein
what happens if RNA splicing does not occur - Answer the protein may not have the correct
sequences of amino acids
Describe RNA splicing - Answer occurs at nucleotide sequences of introns and is catalyzed by
large molecules called spliceosomes made up of snRNP
-RNA spliceosomes can recognize and from base pairings with nucleotides at designated splice
sites which then allows for a OH group to attack and form a new phosphodiester bond
What do nuclear pores do? - Answer allow nuclear membrane to selectively move molecules
in and out of nucleus
, what happens when three nucleotides are removed - Answer -no change in the reading frame
-the identity of the protein is maintained
Proteins are synthesized from - Answer ribosomes
promoter region sequence - Answer 5'-TATAAA-3' or known as the TATA box
Polyadenylation - Answer the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly
synthesized mRNA molecule
what did the 3 base code showcase - Answer that there are different combinations to make
one type of amino acid
what is a codon - Answer a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
open reading frame - Answer a sequence of DNA or RNA that could be translated to give a
polypeptide
beach mouse and brown mouse differences and how does this relate to amino acids - Answer
brown mouse has the ARG amino acid
beach mouse has the CYS amino acid
-showcases that by having one different amino acid you can get very different phenotypes
What is retinoblastoma? - Answer malignant tumor of the retina
-disruption of the Rb protien which fails to serve as a cell cycle break
-some cases eyes need to removed to prevent the spread :(
-symptoms include babies unable to track eyes
treatments for retinoblastoma - Answer -chemotherapy drugs to the liposomes and have
them target area where tumors are growing
what are some health conditions related to transcription errors - Answer -diabetes
- Alzheimer's
Guaranteed Pass Solutions.
Central Dogma - Answer theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to
RNA to proteins
what enzyme is used to transcribe DNA and describe the process - Answer RNA polymerase
attaches to specific promoter regions its these promoter regions which identifies the starting
point,
describe the DNA and RNA directionality and how the direction followed by RNA polymerase -
Answer the 5' end has the 5'phosphate on a nucleotide the other end is the 3' OH group of a
nucleotide
-traditionally read from 5' to 3'
- the RNA polymerase goes in a 3' to 5' direction
-synthesizing a molecule from the 5' to 3'
-
what are the stop and start regions of DNA called - Answer promoter (start) and stop regions
why does RNA polymerase need Sigma factors - Answer sigma factors facilitate binding to the
promoter region of the DNA
what do holoenzymes do - Answer they can bind and unwind the double stranded DNA helix
to allow for transcription
describe the process of transcription - Answer -RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region
- RNA polymerase begins to catalyze the production of antiparallel RNA that is complementary
to the template strand creating an RNA-DNA duplex
-template is read in 3' to 5' but the RNA is synthesized from 5' to 3'
why do ribonucleosides triphosphates pair with template DNA - Answer The phosphate bond
is used to drive the reaction to create a phosphodiester bond between the incoming nucleotide
and the RNA transcript
,- Rho-dependent terminator sequences use specific rho factors which bind and use ATP to move
along the formed RNA transcript and destabilases the interaction between RNA and DNA and
releases of the complex
What are transcription factors? - Answer mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the
initiation of transcription
different types of RNA polymerase and their function - Answer -RNA polymerase 1 and 3 both
transcribe structural non coding RNA, 1 focuses on Ribosomal RNA while 3 focuses on transfer
RNA
-RNA polymerase 2 that transcribes the messenger RNA
identify and describe some post transcriptional modifications that occur at the end of primary
mRNA transcript - Answer -5' cap and 3' poly tail
-these modification are these to ensure the export of mRNA from the nucleus and protect
against ribonuclease enzymes which target phosphodiester bonds
Describe the 5' cap - Answer 7-methylguanosine is attached through a 5'-5' triphosphate
linkage
what are exons - Answer sequences of mRNA that are needed for coding the sequence of
amino acids in the protien
what are introns - Answer the intervening sequences that are transcribed but not translated
into protein
what happens if RNA splicing does not occur - Answer the protein may not have the correct
sequences of amino acids
Describe RNA splicing - Answer occurs at nucleotide sequences of introns and is catalyzed by
large molecules called spliceosomes made up of snRNP
-RNA spliceosomes can recognize and from base pairings with nucleotides at designated splice
sites which then allows for a OH group to attack and form a new phosphodiester bond
What do nuclear pores do? - Answer allow nuclear membrane to selectively move molecules
in and out of nucleus
, what happens when three nucleotides are removed - Answer -no change in the reading frame
-the identity of the protein is maintained
Proteins are synthesized from - Answer ribosomes
promoter region sequence - Answer 5'-TATAAA-3' or known as the TATA box
Polyadenylation - Answer the addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly
synthesized mRNA molecule
what did the 3 base code showcase - Answer that there are different combinations to make
one type of amino acid
what is a codon - Answer a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
open reading frame - Answer a sequence of DNA or RNA that could be translated to give a
polypeptide
beach mouse and brown mouse differences and how does this relate to amino acids - Answer
brown mouse has the ARG amino acid
beach mouse has the CYS amino acid
-showcases that by having one different amino acid you can get very different phenotypes
What is retinoblastoma? - Answer malignant tumor of the retina
-disruption of the Rb protien which fails to serve as a cell cycle break
-some cases eyes need to removed to prevent the spread :(
-symptoms include babies unable to track eyes
treatments for retinoblastoma - Answer -chemotherapy drugs to the liposomes and have
them target area where tumors are growing
what are some health conditions related to transcription errors - Answer -diabetes
- Alzheimer's
