PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>Adrenal glands are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA,
mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg,
cortisol).
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine).
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism)
4. Hypoaldosteronism
5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>capsule (protective layer)
zona glomerulosa (10%)
zona fasciculata (80%)
zona reticularis (10%)
,Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal
cortex? What is the regulatory control of each of these
secretions? (10/18) - ANSWER - >zona glomerulosa:
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation
zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation
zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in
the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANSWER - >cholesterol
Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of
aldosterone and cortisol in the adrenal cortex. What happens
when patients have a mutation in this enzyme? (10/18) -
ANSWER - >some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21, so
the intermediate, pregnenolone goes to produce more
androgens which leads to androgen overexpression
Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >Both cortisol and corticosterone are
secreted in an unbound state but circulate in a bound state to
corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%)
and to albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent
What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are
they different from cortisol? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>*Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and transcortin (10%).
*Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and
transcortin (17%)
,cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%)
What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >• Distribute and deliver the hormones to
target tissues
• Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and
inactivation
• Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during
episodic secretion by the gland.
Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - ANSWER - >The
pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and next to the
small intestine.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function
is endocrine and which is exocrine? (10/25) - ANSWER - >1) It
releases powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine to
aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function).
2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the
bloodstream to help the body control how it uses food for
energy (Endocrine Function).
What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - ANSWER -
>Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders
1. Acute Pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic Insufficiency
4. Pancreatic cancer
, What does the suffix -itis mean? What can cause this? (10/25) -
ANSWER - >-itis = inflammation
can be caused by cell death
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? (10/25) -
ANSWER - >the islets of Langerhans
What do acinar cells and ductal cells secrete? (10/25) - ANSWER
- >acinar: digestive enzymes
ductal: pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of
_____________.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of
_____________. (10/25) - ANSWER - >•Presence of acid in
duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of
Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of _________ from _______________.
•CCK causes secretion of _________ from ____________.
(10/25) - ANSWER - >•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate
from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine
pancreatic function? (10/25) - ANSWER - >NEURONAL
stimulation of parasympathetic pathways innervating the
pancreas causes release of pancreatic enzymes.
GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>Adrenal glands are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA,
mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg,
cortisol).
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine).
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism)
4. Hypoaldosteronism
5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>capsule (protective layer)
zona glomerulosa (10%)
zona fasciculata (80%)
zona reticularis (10%)
,Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal
cortex? What is the regulatory control of each of these
secretions? (10/18) - ANSWER - >zona glomerulosa:
aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation
zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation
zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in
the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANSWER - >cholesterol
Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of
aldosterone and cortisol in the adrenal cortex. What happens
when patients have a mutation in this enzyme? (10/18) -
ANSWER - >some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21, so
the intermediate, pregnenolone goes to produce more
androgens which leads to androgen overexpression
Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >Both cortisol and corticosterone are
secreted in an unbound state but circulate in a bound state to
corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%)
and to albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent
What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are
they different from cortisol? (10/18) - ANSWER -
>*Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and transcortin (10%).
*Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and
transcortin (17%)
,cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%)
What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins?
(10/18) - ANSWER - >• Distribute and deliver the hormones to
target tissues
• Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and
inactivation
• Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during
episodic secretion by the gland.
Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - ANSWER - >The
pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and next to the
small intestine.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function
is endocrine and which is exocrine? (10/25) - ANSWER - >1) It
releases powerful digestive enzymes into the small intestine to
aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function).
2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the
bloodstream to help the body control how it uses food for
energy (Endocrine Function).
What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - ANSWER -
>Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders
1. Acute Pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic Insufficiency
4. Pancreatic cancer
, What does the suffix -itis mean? What can cause this? (10/25) -
ANSWER - >-itis = inflammation
can be caused by cell death
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? (10/25) -
ANSWER - >the islets of Langerhans
What do acinar cells and ductal cells secrete? (10/25) - ANSWER
- >acinar: digestive enzymes
ductal: pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of
_____________.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of
_____________. (10/25) - ANSWER - >•Presence of acid in
duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of
Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of _________ from _______________.
•CCK causes secretion of _________ from ____________.
(10/25) - ANSWER - >•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate
from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine
pancreatic function? (10/25) - ANSWER - >NEURONAL
stimulation of parasympathetic pathways innervating the
pancreas causes release of pancreatic enzymes.
