UCLA EKG ACTUAL FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔ - ✔✔Junctional (Escape) Rhythm: 40-60 bpm
o Accelerated Junctional Rhythm: 60-100 bpm
o Junctional Tachycardia: > 100 bpm
✔✔What does NSR with 1 PJC premature junctional look like - ✔✔Rhythm: Irregular
• Ventricular rate: 60
• P wave: Normal except for one absent P wave in the ectopy
• Atrial rate: 60
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic junctional foci for PJC
• QRS: Normal
• ST-segment: Isoelectric
• QT Interval: 0.48 seconds
Rhythm: Regular except for PJC
• Rate: Varies with underlying rhythm
• P wave: Occur "early" or "prematurely" or not present, or occurs after QRS complex
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic junctional foci
• PR Interval: Varies or absent for PJC
• QRS: Usually normal
• QT Interval: Normal
• Conduction: A "premature beat" is produced by an ectopic focus discharging
spontaneously, causing a beat which appears earlier than expected.
• Causes: Digitalis toxicity, acute MI
• Treatment: Continue to observe
✔✔What does NSR with PVC look like? - ✔✔• Rhythm: Irregular
• Ventricular rate: 80
• Atrial rate: 50
• P wave: Absent in the PVCs
• Site of Pacemaker: SA node and ventricular ectopy
• PR Interval: 0.16 seconds for NSR
• QRS for PVC: 0.06 seconds for NSR
• ST-segment: Isoelectric
• QT Interval: Normal
Rhythm: Irregular due to premature beat
• Rate: Less atrial rate than ventricular rate
• P wave: Usually lost within the wide QRS complex of the PVC
• Site of Pacemaker: Besides, normal baseline rhythm, ventricular focus-
originates suddenly from an ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: Normal but none in PVC
• QRS: Widened in PVC
• QT Interval: Normal but not measurable in PVC
• Causes: Anxiety, excess caffeine, hypoxemia, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, myocarditis, MI
, • Treatment: Treat the cause
✔✔What does idioventricular rhythm look like? - ✔✔Rhythm: Regular
• Ventricular rate: 30
• P wave: Absent
• Atrial rate: 0
• Site of Pacemaker: Ventricles
• QRS: 0.32 seconds
• ST-segment: elevated
• QT Interval: 0.6 seconds
Rhythm: Ventricular only; slow/regular
• Rate: 20-40 per minutes
• P wave: Absent
• Site of Pacemaker: Ventricles assuming pacing function
• QRS: Widened
• QT Interval: Prolonged
• Conduction: Ventricles have assumed control of rhythm
• Cause: End stage cardiac disease, acute MI
• Treatment: Pacemaker may work but usually it is palliative care
✔✔What does ventricular tachycardia look like - ✔✔Rhythm: Often regular
• Ventricular Rate: 180
• P wave: None
• Atrial rate: Not discernible
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: Not measurable
• QRS: 0.36 seconds
• ST-segment: Not measurable
• QT Interval: Not measurable
Rhythm: Regular, may be paroxysmal or sustained
• Ventricular rate: >100/min, more than 3 PVCs in a row
• Atrial rate: Not discernible
• P wave: Hidden in QRS
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: None
• QRS: Wide and bizarre
• QT Interval: Not measurable
• Causes: Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, MI, CHF, valvular disease,
hypoxemia
✔✔biggest differences between SVT and Vtach - ✔✔SVT has P wave with nawrrow
QRS
Vtach has no measurable P wave with wide QRS
✔✔What is treatment for ventricular tachycardia - ✔✔• If persists with pulse,
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔ - ✔✔Junctional (Escape) Rhythm: 40-60 bpm
o Accelerated Junctional Rhythm: 60-100 bpm
o Junctional Tachycardia: > 100 bpm
✔✔What does NSR with 1 PJC premature junctional look like - ✔✔Rhythm: Irregular
• Ventricular rate: 60
• P wave: Normal except for one absent P wave in the ectopy
• Atrial rate: 60
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic junctional foci for PJC
• QRS: Normal
• ST-segment: Isoelectric
• QT Interval: 0.48 seconds
Rhythm: Regular except for PJC
• Rate: Varies with underlying rhythm
• P wave: Occur "early" or "prematurely" or not present, or occurs after QRS complex
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic junctional foci
• PR Interval: Varies or absent for PJC
• QRS: Usually normal
• QT Interval: Normal
• Conduction: A "premature beat" is produced by an ectopic focus discharging
spontaneously, causing a beat which appears earlier than expected.
• Causes: Digitalis toxicity, acute MI
• Treatment: Continue to observe
✔✔What does NSR with PVC look like? - ✔✔• Rhythm: Irregular
• Ventricular rate: 80
• Atrial rate: 50
• P wave: Absent in the PVCs
• Site of Pacemaker: SA node and ventricular ectopy
• PR Interval: 0.16 seconds for NSR
• QRS for PVC: 0.06 seconds for NSR
• ST-segment: Isoelectric
• QT Interval: Normal
Rhythm: Irregular due to premature beat
• Rate: Less atrial rate than ventricular rate
• P wave: Usually lost within the wide QRS complex of the PVC
• Site of Pacemaker: Besides, normal baseline rhythm, ventricular focus-
originates suddenly from an ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: Normal but none in PVC
• QRS: Widened in PVC
• QT Interval: Normal but not measurable in PVC
• Causes: Anxiety, excess caffeine, hypoxemia, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, myocarditis, MI
, • Treatment: Treat the cause
✔✔What does idioventricular rhythm look like? - ✔✔Rhythm: Regular
• Ventricular rate: 30
• P wave: Absent
• Atrial rate: 0
• Site of Pacemaker: Ventricles
• QRS: 0.32 seconds
• ST-segment: elevated
• QT Interval: 0.6 seconds
Rhythm: Ventricular only; slow/regular
• Rate: 20-40 per minutes
• P wave: Absent
• Site of Pacemaker: Ventricles assuming pacing function
• QRS: Widened
• QT Interval: Prolonged
• Conduction: Ventricles have assumed control of rhythm
• Cause: End stage cardiac disease, acute MI
• Treatment: Pacemaker may work but usually it is palliative care
✔✔What does ventricular tachycardia look like - ✔✔Rhythm: Often regular
• Ventricular Rate: 180
• P wave: None
• Atrial rate: Not discernible
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: Not measurable
• QRS: 0.36 seconds
• ST-segment: Not measurable
• QT Interval: Not measurable
Rhythm: Regular, may be paroxysmal or sustained
• Ventricular rate: >100/min, more than 3 PVCs in a row
• Atrial rate: Not discernible
• P wave: Hidden in QRS
• Site of Pacemaker: Ectopic focus in the ventricles
• PR Interval: None
• QRS: Wide and bizarre
• QT Interval: Not measurable
• Causes: Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, MI, CHF, valvular disease,
hypoxemia
✔✔biggest differences between SVT and Vtach - ✔✔SVT has P wave with nawrrow
QRS
Vtach has no measurable P wave with wide QRS
✔✔What is treatment for ventricular tachycardia - ✔✔• If persists with pulse,
