Pathophysiology for the Health Professions 7th Edition
Chapter 1-28 All Chapters with Answers and
Rationals|Latest update 2025
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus.
The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is:
a. an imbalance in calcium ions.
b. an infection of the heart muscle.
c. atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus.
d. a disruption of the heart conduction system.
c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.
Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:
a. reducing the risk of blood clotting.
b. decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques.
c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.
d. decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias.
c. Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG
Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?
a. A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development
b. The presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides
c. Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG
d. Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein
d. removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development.
The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. previously established collateral circulation.
b. immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs.
c. maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium.
d. removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development.
a. cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
The most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction is:
a. cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
b. ruptured ventricle or aorta.
c. congestive heart failure.
d. cerebrovascular accident.
,b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?
a. Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation.
b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
c. The ventricles contract before the atria.
d. Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.
d. The cessation of all cardiac function
The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?
a. Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand
b. A decreased circulating blood volume
c. Missing a ventricular contraction
d. The cessation of all cardiac function
d. Spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction
Which change results from total heart block?
a. A prolonged PR interval
b. Periodic omission of a ventricular contraction
c. A wide QRS wave
d. Spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction
c. additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.
The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:
a. atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions.
b. the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus.
c. additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.
d. increased heart rate causes palpitations.
d. Uncontrolled essential hypertension
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?
a. Incompetent tricuspid heart valve
b. Chronic pulmonary disease
c. Infarction in the right atrium
d. Uncontrolled essential hypertension
b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the
body.
The definition of congestive heart failure is:
a. cessation of all cardiac activity.
b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the
body.
,c. insufficient circulating blood in the body.
d. the demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply.
b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly.
Significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure include:
a. severe chest pain and tachycardia.
b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly.
c. frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum.
d. orthopnea, fatigue, increased blood pressure.
a. hemoptysis and rales.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:
a. hemoptysis and rales.
b. distended neck veins and flushed face.
c. bradycardia and weak pulse.
d. cardiomegaly.
b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure
include:
a. slow cardiac contractions.
b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
c. decreased erythropoietin secretion.
d. fatigue and cold intolerance.
c. Pulmonary capillaries
In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
a. Veins of the legs and feet
b. Jugular veins
c. Pulmonary capillaries
d. Blood vessels of the liver and spleen
b. Digoxin
Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and
increasing the force of cardiac contractions?
a. Furosemide
b. Digoxin
c. Epinephrine
d. Nifedipine
b. feeding problems.
In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:
a. distended neck veins.
b. feeding problems.
, c. low-grade fever and lethargy.
d. frequent vomiting.
b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Effects that may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug include:
a. increasing systemic vasoconstriction.
b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
c. blockage of an angiotensin receptor site.
d. increased release of renin.
d. a heart murmur.
A sign of aortic stenosis is:
a. increased cardiac output.
b. congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs.
c. flushed face and headache.
d. a heart murmur.
c. decreased output from the left ventricle.
An incompetent mitral valve would cause:
a. increased blood to remain in the right atrium.
b. hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
c. decreased output from the left ventricle.
d. decreased pressure in the left atrium.
a. From the left ventricle to the right ventricle
Which of the following describes the blood flow occurring with a ventricular septal defect?
a. From the left ventricle to the right ventricle
b. From the right ventricle to the left ventricle
c. Increased cardiac output from the left ventricle
d. Mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation
b. pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy of Fallot
because:
a. the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
b. pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
c. the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
d. the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.
b. a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
Cyanosis occurs in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:
a. more carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood.
b. a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
Chapter 1-28 All Chapters with Answers and
Rationals|Latest update 2025
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus.
The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is:
a. an imbalance in calcium ions.
b. an infection of the heart muscle.
c. atherosclerosis involving an attached thrombus.
d. a disruption of the heart conduction system.
c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.
Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:
a. reducing the risk of blood clotting.
b. decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques.
c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions.
d. decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias.
c. Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG
Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction?
a. A full description of the pain, including the sequence of development
b. The presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides
c. Serum isoenzymes released from necrotic cells and an ECG
d. Leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein
d. removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development.
The size of the necrotic area resulting from myocardial infarction may be minimized by all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. previously established collateral circulation.
b. immediate administration of thrombolytic drugs.
c. maintaining maximum oxygen supply to the myocardium.
d. removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development.
a. cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
The most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction is:
a. cardiac arrhythmias and fibrillation.
b. ruptured ventricle or aorta.
c. congestive heart failure.
d. cerebrovascular accident.
,b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?
a. Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation.
b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.
c. The ventricles contract before the atria.
d. Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.
d. The cessation of all cardiac function
The term cardiac arrest refers to which of the following?
a. Condition where cardiac output is less than the demand
b. A decreased circulating blood volume
c. Missing a ventricular contraction
d. The cessation of all cardiac function
d. Spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction
Which change results from total heart block?
a. A prolonged PR interval
b. Periodic omission of a ventricular contraction
c. A wide QRS wave
d. Spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction
c. additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.
The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:
a. atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions.
b. the ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus.
c. additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.
d. increased heart rate causes palpitations.
d. Uncontrolled essential hypertension
Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure?
a. Incompetent tricuspid heart valve
b. Chronic pulmonary disease
c. Infarction in the right atrium
d. Uncontrolled essential hypertension
b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the
body.
The definition of congestive heart failure is:
a. cessation of all cardiac activity.
b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the
body.
,c. insufficient circulating blood in the body.
d. the demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply.
b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly.
Significant signs of right-sided congestive heart failure include:
a. severe chest pain and tachycardia.
b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly.
c. frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum.
d. orthopnea, fatigue, increased blood pressure.
a. hemoptysis and rales.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:
a. hemoptysis and rales.
b. distended neck veins and flushed face.
c. bradycardia and weak pulse.
d. cardiomegaly.
b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure
include:
a. slow cardiac contractions.
b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions.
c. decreased erythropoietin secretion.
d. fatigue and cold intolerance.
c. Pulmonary capillaries
In which blood vessels will failure of the left ventricle cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
a. Veins of the legs and feet
b. Jugular veins
c. Pulmonary capillaries
d. Blood vessels of the liver and spleen
b. Digoxin
Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and
increasing the force of cardiac contractions?
a. Furosemide
b. Digoxin
c. Epinephrine
d. Nifedipine
b. feeding problems.
In an infant, the initial indication of congestive heart failure is often:
a. distended neck veins.
b. feeding problems.
, c. low-grade fever and lethargy.
d. frequent vomiting.
b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Effects that may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug include:
a. increasing systemic vasoconstriction.
b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
c. blockage of an angiotensin receptor site.
d. increased release of renin.
d. a heart murmur.
A sign of aortic stenosis is:
a. increased cardiac output.
b. congestion in the liver, spleen, and legs.
c. flushed face and headache.
d. a heart murmur.
c. decreased output from the left ventricle.
An incompetent mitral valve would cause:
a. increased blood to remain in the right atrium.
b. hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
c. decreased output from the left ventricle.
d. decreased pressure in the left atrium.
a. From the left ventricle to the right ventricle
Which of the following describes the blood flow occurring with a ventricular septal defect?
a. From the left ventricle to the right ventricle
b. From the right ventricle to the left ventricle
c. Increased cardiac output from the left ventricle
d. Mixed oxygenated and unoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation
b. pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
Unoxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation in children with tetralogy of Fallot
because:
a. the aorta and pulmonary artery have exchanged positions.
b. pulmonary stenosis changes the ventricular pressures.
c. the left ventricular wall has hypertrophied.
d. the septal defect allows exchange of blood between the atria.
b. a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
Cyanosis occurs in children with tetralogy of Fallot because:
a. more carbon dioxide is present in the circulating blood.
b. a large amount of hemoglobin in the general circulation is unoxygenated.
