NGN NCLEX RN Review
1. causes of hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Excessive K intake, IV K Infusions
Decreased renal function
K sparing diuretics -Aldactone,Dyrenium
Metabolic Acidosis,Hypergylcemia
Addisons disease
Hemolysis, Chemotherapy
Tissue damage, crush injuries, burns
Drugs: Capotril,Cyclosporin, Heparin, Dig toxicity,Penicillin Salts, Beta Blockers
2. treatments for hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Potassium restriction
IV sodium bicarb
Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
Orally given every 4-6 hours and results occur in 1-2 hours
Rectally given has a retention enema every 2-4 hours
Enema removes K in 30-60 minutes
Monitor labs and EKG
3. normal calcium levels:
Answer:
9.0-10.5 mEq/l
4. hypocalcemia:
Answer:
low calcium in blood
Tetany
Prolonged Q-T wave
Anxiety
Irritability
Confusion
Convulsions
,5. causes of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Dietary: Lack of Ca intake, Inadequate Vit D or lack
of protein, malabsorption
Hypomagnesemia,
Hyperphosphatemia
GI: Chronic Diarrhea
Pancreatitis
Calcium Binders
6. treatments of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Oral Calcium with Vit D bid
10% IV Calcium Gluconate in D5W
Monitor serum Ca levels
Monitor ECG, and Vital Signs
Teach foods rich in Calcium
7. tetany:
Answer:
nervous disorders marked by intermittent spasms or tingling around mouth and
hands and feet as well as muscle spasms of extremities and face
8. Chvostek's sign:
Answer:
a spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of
the parotid gland HYPOcalcemia
9. Trousseau's sign:
Answer:
a muscle spasm elicited by putting pressure on the upperarm HYPOcalcemia
10. hypercalcemia:
Answer:
high calcium
Muscle weakness
, Tiredness
Lethargy
Constipation, anorexia, N&V
Depression
Apathy
Deep bone pain
Calcium stones
11. causes of hypercalcemia:
Answer:
Increased PTH, Immobility
Metastasis Neoplastic Disease -breast , prostate, melanomas, bone, others
Cellular destruction, bone tumor
Dietary increased calcium salts, or Vit D
Diuretics, Thiazides
Over use of Ca containing antacids
12. Normal Sodium level:
Answer:
135-145
13. Hyponatremia:
Answer:
low sodium in the blood
Chronic: Anorexia, Nausea, Emesis, Muscular, Weakness, Irritability
Severe: gait changes, stupor, seizures, coma
14. causes of hyponatremia:
Answer:
Causes of hyponatremia:
Diuretics-Thiazide Drugs
Dietary Changes,Low Na diet,
Excessive water intake with sweating
Fad diets, Anorexia nervosa.
GI vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning,
Tap water enemas,diuretics, kidney disease
15. Treatments for hyponatremia:
1. causes of hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Excessive K intake, IV K Infusions
Decreased renal function
K sparing diuretics -Aldactone,Dyrenium
Metabolic Acidosis,Hypergylcemia
Addisons disease
Hemolysis, Chemotherapy
Tissue damage, crush injuries, burns
Drugs: Capotril,Cyclosporin, Heparin, Dig toxicity,Penicillin Salts, Beta Blockers
2. treatments for hyperkalemia:
Answer:
Potassium restriction
IV sodium bicarb
Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate)
Orally given every 4-6 hours and results occur in 1-2 hours
Rectally given has a retention enema every 2-4 hours
Enema removes K in 30-60 minutes
Monitor labs and EKG
3. normal calcium levels:
Answer:
9.0-10.5 mEq/l
4. hypocalcemia:
Answer:
low calcium in blood
Tetany
Prolonged Q-T wave
Anxiety
Irritability
Confusion
Convulsions
,5. causes of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Dietary: Lack of Ca intake, Inadequate Vit D or lack
of protein, malabsorption
Hypomagnesemia,
Hyperphosphatemia
GI: Chronic Diarrhea
Pancreatitis
Calcium Binders
6. treatments of hypocalcemia:
Answer:
Oral Calcium with Vit D bid
10% IV Calcium Gluconate in D5W
Monitor serum Ca levels
Monitor ECG, and Vital Signs
Teach foods rich in Calcium
7. tetany:
Answer:
nervous disorders marked by intermittent spasms or tingling around mouth and
hands and feet as well as muscle spasms of extremities and face
8. Chvostek's sign:
Answer:
a spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of
the parotid gland HYPOcalcemia
9. Trousseau's sign:
Answer:
a muscle spasm elicited by putting pressure on the upperarm HYPOcalcemia
10. hypercalcemia:
Answer:
high calcium
Muscle weakness
, Tiredness
Lethargy
Constipation, anorexia, N&V
Depression
Apathy
Deep bone pain
Calcium stones
11. causes of hypercalcemia:
Answer:
Increased PTH, Immobility
Metastasis Neoplastic Disease -breast , prostate, melanomas, bone, others
Cellular destruction, bone tumor
Dietary increased calcium salts, or Vit D
Diuretics, Thiazides
Over use of Ca containing antacids
12. Normal Sodium level:
Answer:
135-145
13. Hyponatremia:
Answer:
low sodium in the blood
Chronic: Anorexia, Nausea, Emesis, Muscular, Weakness, Irritability
Severe: gait changes, stupor, seizures, coma
14. causes of hyponatremia:
Answer:
Causes of hyponatremia:
Diuretics-Thiazide Drugs
Dietary Changes,Low Na diet,
Excessive water intake with sweating
Fad diets, Anorexia nervosa.
GI vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning,
Tap water enemas,diuretics, kidney disease
15. Treatments for hyponatremia:
