University Of Central Florida | PCB 3233 PCB 3233 exam 2 si-immuno

Exam 2 Practice Questions NOTE: This sheet should only serve as a study aid for Exam 2. Although this was approved by Professor Weigel, it may contain errors, so please use other resources, such as Panopto Videos and the PowerPoints, to best prepare yourself for the exam. DO NOT expect these exact questions on the exam, as they were created by me using the PowerPoints. 1) Which type of immune response should one expect to see after 4 hours of pathogen contact? (Ranges between 4 hours and 4 days). A. Innate immune response B. Immediate innate immune response C. Induced innate immune response D. A & C E. A, B, & C 2) Which of the following might you expect to see as a result of the innate immune response? A. Plasma cells secreting antibodies B. Inflammation C. Leukocytes moving to site of infection D. Soluble molecules being made/secreted into the blood and site of infection E. A, B, & C F. B, C, & D 3) True or False: Macrophages recognize the surface of infected human cells, while NK cells recognize the surface of bacterial cells. 4) C3b is the ligand for ____; while iC3b is the ligand for ____ A. CR1 ; CR2 + CR4 B. CR2 + CR4 ; CR1 C. CR1 ; CR3 + CR4… CR2 binds to C3d D. CR3 + CR4 ; CR1 5) True or False: Complement Receptors 3 and 4 recognize iC3b, as well as lipoteichoic acids. NOT lipoteichoic, instead lipopolysaccharide (LPS)… found in gram negatives 6) Scavenger receptors show a preference for what type of ligands? A. Positively charged molecules B. Negatively charged molecules C. Gram negative bacteria D. Gram positive bacteria E. A, B, & CF. B, C, & D 7) Which type of receptor leads to a signaling cascade (or pathway)? A. Mannose receptors B. Complement receptors C. Toll-like receptors… DON’T lead to phagocytosis… instead, they lead to cytokine creation/secretion D. Scavenger receptors 8) True or False: LPS directly binds to TLR-4. NEED LBP, CD14, and MD2 to make that connection to TLR-4. 9) Match the following receptors with their characteristic ligand. 10) True or False: In the cytokine creation/secretion pathway, NFkB goes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to carry out transcription/translation of cytokine genes. NFkB goes from cytoplasm to the nucleus, 11) What is the main role of the cytokine called “CXCL8”? A. Make blood vessels become more permeable B. Recruit and activate NK cells C. Induce fat and muscle cells to metabolize D. Recruit neutrophils to site of infection… ALL chemokines are cytokines, NOT ALL cytokines are chemokines… chemokines create a gradient to attract leukocytes to site of infection… CCL-2 recruits monocytes to the site of infection 12) What are some characteristics of TNF-a? A. Prevents spread of infection B. Causes blood in venules to clot C. Reduces permeability in blood vessels D. A & B E. A, B, & C A. TLR-3 B. TLR-4 C. TLR-5 D. TLR-7 i. Single-stranded viral RNA ii. Double-stranded viral RNA iii. LPS iv. Flagellin13) NOD-1 and NOD-2 are cytoplasmic receptors that recognize ___ degradation products and lead to ___ A. Bacterial; inflammatory cytokine secretion B. Bacterial; phagocytosis C. Viral; inflammatory cytokine secretion D. Viral; phagocytosis 14) Which of the following correctly describes macrophages? A. Short-lived, reside in tissues, work as infection begins B. Long-lived, reside in blood, wait until signal is given before working C. Long-lived, reside in tissues, work as infection begins D. Short-lived, reside in blood, wait until signal is given before working 15) True or False: Neutrophils are excluded from healthy tissue. 16) What are the four structural classes of adhesion molecules called and with what cells do each of these interact with? Blue is what they bind to… NOT examples Selectins (interact with vascular addressins)… Ligands: CD34, MAdCAM-1, GlyCAM-1 Vascular Addressins (interact with selectins)… Ligand: L-selectin Ig Superfamily (interact integrins)… Ligands: LFA-1 Integrins (interact Ig superfamily)… Ligands: ICAM’s 17) True or False: A CXCL8 ligand on a neutrophil’s surface allows for tight binding to the endothelial cells. Neutrophil has the CXCL8 Receptor… not the ligand… ligand is what recruits the neutrophil to site of infection 18) True or False: Rolling adhesion involves the interaction between selectins and vascular addressins. 19) List the steps of extravasation in the correct order. Rolling Adhesion à Tight Binding à Diapedesis à Migration 20) Catalase degrades ____ into ____ A. H2O à H2 + O2 B. H2O2 à H2O + O2 C. H2O + O2 à H2O2 D. H2 + O2 à H2O21) True or False: Necrosis is the term used to describe the bursting of neutrophils, which leads to the capture/destruction of pathogens. It’s called netosis. 22) True or False: TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6 are all examples of pyogens, which typically generate increased temperatures in response to infection. Pyogens à neutrophils… these are pyrogens (raise temperature) 23) What is pyroptosis? A. Mechanism of death of macrophages which allows for a massive release of neutrophils B. Mechanism of death of macrophages which allows for a massive release of IL-6 C. Mechanism of death of macrophages which allows for a massive release of TNF-a D. Mechanism of death of macrophages which allows for a massive release of IL-1 24) What are the common characteristics of inflammation? A. Swelling B. Redness C. Heat/Pain D. Edema (another word for swelling) E. A, B, & C F. A, B, C, & D 25) True or False: IFN-g mainly activates macrophages, which can then create more IFN-g to activate other macrophages. NK-cells produce IFN-gamma… depending on what’s around the NK-cells, it will gain a different function… if it’s a type I IFN, the NK-cell will become cytotoxic… if it’s IL-12, the NK-cell will be activated to produce IFN-gamma to activate macrophages 26) A type I interferon is most notable/abundant in A. Both healthy and infected individuals B. Healthy individuals only C. Infected individuals only D. None of the above 27) Why are RIG-1 and MDA-5 important? A. Both are nucleic sensors for viral RNA’s that lead to type II interferon production B. Both are cytoplasmic sensors for viral RNA’s that lead to type I interferon production C. Both are cytoplasmic sensors for viral RNA’s that lead to type II interferon production D. Both are nucleic sensors for viral RNA’s that lead to type I interferon production28) In a virus infected cell, what transcription factors are responsible for the transcription of the IFN-b gene? A. IRF3 B. NFkB C. AP-1 D. IRF7 E. A, B, &, C F. A, B, C, & D 29) What happens when there are more infected dendritic cells than NK cells? A. NK cells become cytotoxic to those dendritic cells B. NK cells signal the infected dendritic cells to migrate to primary lymphoid tissue C. NK cells signal the infected dendritic cells to migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue D. NK cells are overwhelmed and die to infection 30) How do NK cells distinguish between healthy cells and infected cells? A. Healthy cells undergo a change in their protein expression and have an increased amount of activating signals B. Healthy cells undergo a change in their protein expression and have an increased amount of inhibitory signals C. Infected cells undergo a change in their protein expression and have an increased amount of inhibitory signals D. Infected cells undergo a change in their protein expression and have an increased amount of activating signals… activating ligands à MIC-A and MIC-B… inhibiting ligands à HLA-E 31) True or False: Antibodies bind with high affinity and low specificity. Also bind with HIGH specificity. 32) What are the most common antigens? A. Proteins and carbohydrates B. Proteins and lipids C. Lipids and carbohydrates D. A & B 33) What happens when an antigen binds with an Ig? A. B cell will proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell, which will secrete Ab’s with different specificity as the membrane bound Igs B. B cell will proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell, which will secrete Ab’s with same specificity as the membrane bound Igs C. B cell will engulf the antigen and promote phagocytosisD. The antigen will deactivate the B cell and promote cell death 34) True or False: The Fc region of an antibody is responsible for recognition and binding of the antigen, while the Fab region of an antibody is responsible for destruction of the pathogen. 35) True or False: The region of most variability in an antibody is known as the “V region”, which contains two different antigen binding sites. SAME binding site. 36) What is the main difference between antibody affinity and avidity? A. Affinity is observed when there is a tight binding between the binding site and the antigen, while avidity is the firmness of association between a multideterminant antigen and the antibodies produced against it B. Avidity is observed when there is a tight binding between the binding site and the antigen, while affinity is the firmness of association between a multideterminant antigen and the antibodies produced against it C. Affinity refers to strong antigen binding to an antibody, while avidity refers to weak antigen binding to an antibody D. There is no known difference between antibody affinity and avidity 37) ____ is the most common antibody found in mucosal secretions, while ____ is mainly found in the plasma A. IgA, IgG B. IgG, IgA C. IgA, IgM… dimeric IgA is the one found in secretions… held by a J-chain (both dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM) D. IgM, IgA 38) True or False: There are two isotypes of light chains, being k and l. Both of these can be found in each antibody. Will NEVER be both. 39) What is the most abundant Ig found in the blood? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG… ONLY isotype that can cross the placenta (use two g’s for googoo-ga-ga) E. IgM 40) What is the only antibody that is able to cross the placenta to provide passive humoral immunity to a developing infant? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgED. IgG E. IgM 41) True or False: IgA is the major Ig present in external secretions (colostrum, milk, saliva). More specifically, dimeric IgA. 42) What is the first antibody produced by B cells? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM 43) Allergic reactions are primarily associated with ____ A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE… (allergieeeeeeees) D. IgG E. IgM 44) Which domains form the antigen-binding site in antibodies? A. CH + CL B. VH + VL… variable region of the heavy chain and the variable region of the light chain C. CH + VL D. VH + CL 45) What is a multivalent antigen? A. Antigen that contains only one epitope B. Antigen that contains more than one epitope C. Antigen that kills a cell D. Antigen that has no epitopes 46) True or False: The type of antigen bound by an antibody doesn’t depend on the shape of the antigen binding site. 47) True or False: Monoclonal antibodies have identical antigen-binding-sites and identical isotypes.48) Where does rearrangement take place in antibodies? A. Variable region genes B. Constant region genes C. Hinge region genes D. A, B, & C 49) True or False: In all cells, Ig genes are in fragmented forms that cannot be expressed. B-cells express these genes (they are the exception) 50) ____ are the gene segments that encode heavy chains, while ____ are the gene segments that encode light chains A. VDJ, VDJ B. VJ, VJ C. VDJ, VJ D. VJ, VDJ 51) The first and second hypervariable region of light chains are encoded by ____, while the third CDR is determined by ____ A. Different V segments, different D segments and V/D + D/J junctions B. Same V segments, same D segments and V/D + D/J junctions C. Different V segments, V/J junction D. Same V segments, V/J junction 52) The first and second hypervariable region of heavy chains are encoded by ____, while the third CDR is determined by ____ A. Different V segments, different D segments and V/D + D/J junctions B. Same V segments, same D segments and V/D + D/J junctions C. Different V segments, V/J junction D. Same V segments, V/J junction 53) True or False: Heavy chains undergo two recombinations, first VD and then VDJ. DJ starts the party!!! 54) True or False: Human heavy chains can undergo more combinations than both human light chains combined (k and l). 55) What is the name for the enzyme needed to recombine V, D, and J gene segments? A. VDJ protease B. VDJ recombinase C. VDJ polymerase D. VDJ enzyme56) True or False: RAG-1 and RAG-2 are made in all lymphocytes. RAG-1 and RAG-2 are ONLY expressed in B-cells and T-cells that are undergoing maturation 57) What is the first step in gene rearrangement? A. Binding of RAG complex to V segment B. Binding of RAG complex to D segment C. Binding of RAG complex to J segment D. Binding of RAG complex to RSS 58) True or False: A 23bp-spacer and a 12bp-spacer are brought together by two RAG complexes. 59) True or False: The enzymes that cut and splice DNA during recombination introduce additional nucleotides not encoded in germ line DNA. 60) What happens when one allele rearranges non-productively? A. The same allele is given a second attempt B. B cell rearranges the other allele C. The cell dies D. This is not possible, rearrangement always occur in a productive fashion 61) What are the first Ig’s expressed on the surface of a B cell? A. IgA, IgD B. IgA, IgM C. IgM, IgD… mature, naïve B-cell D. IgM, IgE 62) What causes B cells to change their antibody isotype? A. Specific antigen encountering B. RAG complex C. VDJ recombinase D. A, B, & C 63) Which of the following is true regarding Iga and Igb? A. Both are two proteins associated with membrane bound Igs B. Both have long, cytoplasmic tails that allow them to interact with intracellular signaling molecules C. Both are BCR isotypes D. A & B E. A, B, & C64) True or False: A B cell’s first encounter with antigen triggers proliferation, differentiation, and secretion of antibodies. 65) A mature plasma cell only produces ____ A. IgM and IgD only B. Membrane bound Abs C. Secreted Abs D. B & C 66) What major difference is seen between membrane bound Abs and secreted Abs? A. Membrane bound Abs have a hydrophilic C terminus region, while secreted Abs have a hydrophobic C terminus region B. Secreted Abs have a hydrophilic C terminus region, while membrane bound Abs have a hydrophobic C terminus region C. There is no difference, both have a hydrophilic C terminus region D. There is no difference, both have a hydrophobic C terminus region 67) True or False: Somatic hypermutation is the introduction of point mutations throughout rearranged V regions to create greater diversity. 68) IgM has a ____ affinity and ____ avidity A. High, high B. High, low C. Low, low D. Low, High 69) ____ IgA is found in circulation, while ____ IgA is made in lymphoid tissue and secreted into the lumen of the gut A. Monomeric, dimeric B. Dimeric, monomeric C. Monomeric, pentameric D. Pentameric, monomeric 70) What is the gold standard for vaccination? A. Opsonization B. Neutralization C. A & B D. None of the above