2/24/25, 11:59 AM
LUSL4084
Endocrine Readings
- Saunders
LUSL4084 Endocrine Readings - Saunders
Comprehensive
Comprehensive Review for the Nclex-Rn Examination
Review for the
Nclex-Rn
Examination
,2/24/25, 11:59 AM
Endocrine System 1
Chapters 54 –
◻ Functio Endocrine
ns:
System Anatomy
and Physiology
o Maintenance & regulation of vital organs
o Response to stress & injury
o Growth & development
o Energy metabolism
o Reproduction
o Fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance
Hypothalamus:
◻ Portion of the diencephalon of the brain, forms the floor and part of
the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle.
◻ Activates, controls & integrates peripheral autonomic nervous
system (ANS), endocrine processes & somatic functions like
body temp, sleep & appetite.
◻ Hormones:
o corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH),
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), melanocyte-
inhibiting hormone (MIH), prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH),
thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH)
Pituitary Gland:
◻ Master gland, located at base of the brain
◻ Influenced by hypothalamus, directly affects the function of other endocrine glands
◻ Promotes growth of body tissue, influences water absorption by
kidney & controls sexual development/function
◻ Hormones:
o Anterior Lobe: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),
prolactin (PRL), somatotropic growth-stimulating hormone,
thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
o Posterior Lobe: produced by hypothalamus, stored & secreted
to blood when needed. Oxytocin, vasopressin, antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
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,2/24/25, 11:59 AM
Endocrine System 2
◻ One on top of Adrenal Gland
each kidney
◻ Regulates Na+ and electrolyte balance, affects carb, fat &
protein metabolism, influences development of sexual
characteristics, sustains fight or flight response.
Adrenal Cortex:
o Outer shell of adrenal gland
o Synthesizes glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone)
& mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), secretes some sex
hormones (androgens & estrogens
Adrenal Medulla:
o Inner core of the gland
o Works as part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS),
produced epinephrine and norephinephrine
Thyroid Gland:
◻ Located in anterior
part of neck
◻ Controls rate of metabolism & growth, produces thyroxine (T4),
triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid Glands:
◻ Located on the thyroid gland, controls calcium & phosphorous metabolism, produces
parathyroid hormone
Pancreas:
◻ Located posteriorly to stomach
◻ Influences carb metabolism, influences fat & protein metabolism, produces insulin &
glucagon
Ovaries & Testes:
◻ Ovaries in pelvic cavity, produce estrogen & progesterone
◻ Testes in the scrotum, control development of secondary sex
characteristics & produce testosterone
Negative feedback loop regulates hormones by hypothalamus & pituitary gland.
Increased amounts of target hormones decrease secretion from the glands
themselves
Diagnostic Tests:
Stimulation and Suppression
Tests: Stimulation tests:
◻ If underactivity of gland is suspected, stimulus is provided to
determine if the gland is capable of normal production
◻ Measured amounts of hormones or substances are administered to stimulate the
gland
◻ Produced hormone levels are measured
◻ Failure to increase levels indicates
about:blank 2/33
, 2/24/25, 11:59 AM
hypofunction Suppression tests:
◻ When hormone levels are high
◻ Agents that normally induce a suppression are administered to test negative
feedback.
◻ Failure of suppression of hormone production indicates hyperfunction
about:blank 3/33
LUSL4084
Endocrine Readings
- Saunders
LUSL4084 Endocrine Readings - Saunders
Comprehensive
Comprehensive Review for the Nclex-Rn Examination
Review for the
Nclex-Rn
Examination
,2/24/25, 11:59 AM
Endocrine System 1
Chapters 54 –
◻ Functio Endocrine
ns:
System Anatomy
and Physiology
o Maintenance & regulation of vital organs
o Response to stress & injury
o Growth & development
o Energy metabolism
o Reproduction
o Fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance
Hypothalamus:
◻ Portion of the diencephalon of the brain, forms the floor and part of
the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle.
◻ Activates, controls & integrates peripheral autonomic nervous
system (ANS), endocrine processes & somatic functions like
body temp, sleep & appetite.
◻ Hormones:
o corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH),
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), melanocyte-
inhibiting hormone (MIH), prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH),
thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH)
Pituitary Gland:
◻ Master gland, located at base of the brain
◻ Influenced by hypothalamus, directly affects the function of other endocrine glands
◻ Promotes growth of body tissue, influences water absorption by
kidney & controls sexual development/function
◻ Hormones:
o Anterior Lobe: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),
prolactin (PRL), somatotropic growth-stimulating hormone,
thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
o Posterior Lobe: produced by hypothalamus, stored & secreted
to blood when needed. Oxytocin, vasopressin, antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
about:blank 1/33
,2/24/25, 11:59 AM
Endocrine System 2
◻ One on top of Adrenal Gland
each kidney
◻ Regulates Na+ and electrolyte balance, affects carb, fat &
protein metabolism, influences development of sexual
characteristics, sustains fight or flight response.
Adrenal Cortex:
o Outer shell of adrenal gland
o Synthesizes glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone)
& mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), secretes some sex
hormones (androgens & estrogens
Adrenal Medulla:
o Inner core of the gland
o Works as part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS),
produced epinephrine and norephinephrine
Thyroid Gland:
◻ Located in anterior
part of neck
◻ Controls rate of metabolism & growth, produces thyroxine (T4),
triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrocalcitonin
Parathyroid Glands:
◻ Located on the thyroid gland, controls calcium & phosphorous metabolism, produces
parathyroid hormone
Pancreas:
◻ Located posteriorly to stomach
◻ Influences carb metabolism, influences fat & protein metabolism, produces insulin &
glucagon
Ovaries & Testes:
◻ Ovaries in pelvic cavity, produce estrogen & progesterone
◻ Testes in the scrotum, control development of secondary sex
characteristics & produce testosterone
Negative feedback loop regulates hormones by hypothalamus & pituitary gland.
Increased amounts of target hormones decrease secretion from the glands
themselves
Diagnostic Tests:
Stimulation and Suppression
Tests: Stimulation tests:
◻ If underactivity of gland is suspected, stimulus is provided to
determine if the gland is capable of normal production
◻ Measured amounts of hormones or substances are administered to stimulate the
gland
◻ Produced hormone levels are measured
◻ Failure to increase levels indicates
about:blank 2/33
, 2/24/25, 11:59 AM
hypofunction Suppression tests:
◻ When hormone levels are high
◻ Agents that normally induce a suppression are administered to test negative
feedback.
◻ Failure of suppression of hormone production indicates hyperfunction
about:blank 3/33
