MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
Define etiology. - ANSWER cause of disease
Define pathogenesis. - ANSWER the mechanism(s) leading to disease
Define molecular and morphologic changes. - ANSWER biochemical and structural changes to cells and
organs
Define clinical manifestations. - ANSWER functional consequences of these changes
What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER an altered but steady state that preserves the health of the cell
despite continued stress
What are the 5 types of adaptation? - ANSWER 1) Hypertrophy
2) Hyperplasia
3) Atrophy
4) Metaplasia
5) Intracellular accumulations (abnormal storage)
Are adaptations reversible? - ANSWER Yes. When stress is eliminated, cells can return to normal.
If adaptive responses are exceeded and the cell is damaged by stress, lack of nutrients, or mutations,
what occurs? - ANSWER Cellular Injury
What are the steps of cellular injury? - ANSWER 1) Normal
2) Adaptation
,MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
3) Reversible Injury
4) Irreversible Injury
5) Cell death
What are the two major types of cell death? - ANSWER necrosis and apoptosis
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of an
organ
What is the increase in size that occurs during hypertrophy due to? - ANSWER new synthesis of
structural components especially proteins
Why does hypertrophy usually occur? - ANSWER 1) Increased functional demand (ex. hypertension)
2) Stimulation from hormones or growth factors (ex. uterus during pregnancy)
What type of cells can only undergo hypertrophy? - ANSWER nondividing cells
What is subcellular hypertrophy? - ANSWER selective increase size of specific organelles (not the entire
cell)
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
What does hyperplasia usually result in? - ANSWER increased mass of the organ
What is the physiological aspect to hyperplasia? - ANSWER in response to hormones or compensatory in
response to damage or resection
What is the pathological aspect of hyperplasia? - ANSWER usually caused by excess of hormones or
growth factors
, MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
limited response unless mutations in normal growth control mechanisms occur (cancer)
What are the mechanisms of hyperplasia? - ANSWER 1) Growth factor driven proliferation of mature
cells
2) Increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells
What is atrophy? - ANSWER a decrease in cell size (and often number)
What does atrophy result in? - ANSWER a reduction of the size of an organ or tissue
What is atrophy a result of? - ANSWER decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation
(by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)
What are two steps that can result from atrophy? - ANSWER 1) decreasing of cell size and decrease
organelles to match a smaller metabolic supply
2) undergo autophagy aka "self-eatin"
What causes physiological atrophy? - ANSWER occurs normally in many tissues during development and
in adulthood
What can cause pathological atrophy? - ANSWER 1) Decreased workload
2) Loss of innervation
3) Diminished blood supply
4) Inadequate nutrition
5) Loss of hormone stimulation
6) Pressure
verified solutions.
MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
Define etiology. - ANSWER cause of disease
Define pathogenesis. - ANSWER the mechanism(s) leading to disease
Define molecular and morphologic changes. - ANSWER biochemical and structural changes to cells and
organs
Define clinical manifestations. - ANSWER functional consequences of these changes
What is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER an altered but steady state that preserves the health of the cell
despite continued stress
What are the 5 types of adaptation? - ANSWER 1) Hypertrophy
2) Hyperplasia
3) Atrophy
4) Metaplasia
5) Intracellular accumulations (abnormal storage)
Are adaptations reversible? - ANSWER Yes. When stress is eliminated, cells can return to normal.
If adaptive responses are exceeded and the cell is damaged by stress, lack of nutrients, or mutations,
what occurs? - ANSWER Cellular Injury
What are the steps of cellular injury? - ANSWER 1) Normal
2) Adaptation
,MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
3) Reversible Injury
4) Irreversible Injury
5) Cell death
What are the two major types of cell death? - ANSWER necrosis and apoptosis
What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of an
organ
What is the increase in size that occurs during hypertrophy due to? - ANSWER new synthesis of
structural components especially proteins
Why does hypertrophy usually occur? - ANSWER 1) Increased functional demand (ex. hypertension)
2) Stimulation from hormones or growth factors (ex. uterus during pregnancy)
What type of cells can only undergo hypertrophy? - ANSWER nondividing cells
What is subcellular hypertrophy? - ANSWER selective increase size of specific organelles (not the entire
cell)
What is hyperplasia? - ANSWER an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
What does hyperplasia usually result in? - ANSWER increased mass of the organ
What is the physiological aspect to hyperplasia? - ANSWER in response to hormones or compensatory in
response to damage or resection
What is the pathological aspect of hyperplasia? - ANSWER usually caused by excess of hormones or
growth factors
, MPP Exam 2 with 166 complete correct
verified solutions.
limited response unless mutations in normal growth control mechanisms occur (cancer)
What are the mechanisms of hyperplasia? - ANSWER 1) Growth factor driven proliferation of mature
cells
2) Increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells
What is atrophy? - ANSWER a decrease in cell size (and often number)
What does atrophy result in? - ANSWER a reduction of the size of an organ or tissue
What is atrophy a result of? - ANSWER decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation
(by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway)
What are two steps that can result from atrophy? - ANSWER 1) decreasing of cell size and decrease
organelles to match a smaller metabolic supply
2) undergo autophagy aka "self-eatin"
What causes physiological atrophy? - ANSWER occurs normally in many tissues during development and
in adulthood
What can cause pathological atrophy? - ANSWER 1) Decreased workload
2) Loss of innervation
3) Diminished blood supply
4) Inadequate nutrition
5) Loss of hormone stimulation
6) Pressure
