NR 507 Patho Final |450 questions with verified
answers
(blank) is a risk factor for the development of GERD.
Obesity
Taking beta blockers
Inguinal hernia
Asthma Ans✓✓✓ Obesity
1. (blank) is a gram-negative bacterium that is associated with GERD.
Complications include Ans✓✓✓ 1. H. pylori; dyspepsia and adenocarcinoma
1. 99% of T4 is bound to protein and inactive. The amount of unbound T4, known
as
2. The production, storage, and release of T4 (and FT4) are under control of
Ans✓✓✓ 1. free T4 (FT4), is the amount of freely circulating hormone which can
affect the body tissues
2. TSH, it is released from the anterior pituitary gland and travels in the blood
stream to bind with a receptor on the thyroid epithelial cells
1. A diagnosis of GERD can often be made on patient history alone. Explain
2. List other dx tests that can be done Ans✓✓✓ 1. explore if the patient smokes
or drinks alcohol, ingests foods that triggers reflux (i.e. peppermint and chocolate)
or takes medications which may be predispose the patient to GERD by relaxing
the LES
2. Upper GI series
Endoscopy
,Esophageal manometry
Esophageal pH
1. An infection of the lower urinary tract can progress to an upper urinary tract
infection if the bacteria ascends from the bladder to the kidney. The condition is
2. The signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include
3. Think of the symptoms of pyelonephritis in a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the circulation from the kidney via the renal vein
5. For the patient with pyelonephritis, the urine will present with Ans✓✓✓ 1.
pyelonephritis.
2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank pain, costovertebral
angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. Malaise is also a common
complaint
3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
4. there can also be signs of shock
5. WBC casts
1. Another issue that contributes to UI is
2. any of the normal nerve innervations that occur during micturition that are
impeded can cause UI due to weakening of the detrusor muscle or lead to over-
contraction, causing weakening of the internal and external sphincters List some
transient causes Ans✓✓✓ 1. weakness in the internal or external sphincters
2a. Delirium: the individual may be unaware of the need to urinate
2b. (UTI): A UTI can result in frequency and urgency.
2c. Atrophic vaginitis: this is atrophy of the vaginal walls, bladder and urethra r/t
estrogen deficiency
2d. Drugs:
,anticholinergics-prevent relaxation of bladder,
Anti-Parkinson drugs: alpha-agonist, and antagonist drugs-An alpha-agonist will
cause bladder over-contraction of the bladder leading to overflow incontinence;
an alpha-antagonist will prevent the bladder from contracting that will lead to
stress incontinence.
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase the amount and frequency of urination that
results in urge incontinence, Calcium channel blockers can prevent the internal
and external sphincters from contracting
sedatives and hypnotics may inhibit the individual's need to urinate.
1. Bipolar I involves a
2. A Bipolar II disorder involves at least Ans✓✓✓ 1. full manic or mixed episode.
Manic episodes include major highs that can last at least a week; there is always
manic episodes that can be accompanied by psychosis or delusions
2. one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full
mixed or manic episode.
Hypomania involves less severe manic episodes than seen in Bipolar I
1. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a long-term
2. (blank) is used to determine the significance and stage of the CKD
3. Why is Stage III a significant stage Ans✓✓✓ 1. permanent decline in renal
function
2. (GFR)
3. The significance is that there is still an opportunity to improve the patient's
kidney function to keep them between stages I-III. If this can be achieved, then
the patient will not need long term dialysis.
1. Despite the different classifications, all antidepressant medications are
, 2. So what influences the ARNPs drug of choice? Ans✓✓✓ 1. equally effective in
reducing the major symptoms of MDD2.
2a the side effects of the medication, especially if the 2b. drug aggravates an
existing medical condition interactions with other medications and diagnoses
2c. Cost may also be a factor in adherence to treatment
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from the
immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this?
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or
bacterimia
Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is much shorter)
Ans✓✓✓ 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to
one another and adhere to surfaces that help them survive.
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes the
colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the
bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection
becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can spread into
the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
1. Generally, liver function tests, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) indicate what?
2. Treatment for this patient involves what? Ans✓✓✓ 1. these do not signify
cirrhosis specifically, but rather, demonstrate liver injury.
2. Liver damage is irreversible.
The goal is to treat the complications that result from cirrhosis. The patient will be
encouraged to rest.
He may be prescribed corticosteroids to help decrease inflammation.
The NP should encourage the patient to stop alcohol consumption to slow
cirrhosis progression to improve symptoms and increase his quality of life.
answers
(blank) is a risk factor for the development of GERD.
Obesity
Taking beta blockers
Inguinal hernia
Asthma Ans✓✓✓ Obesity
1. (blank) is a gram-negative bacterium that is associated with GERD.
Complications include Ans✓✓✓ 1. H. pylori; dyspepsia and adenocarcinoma
1. 99% of T4 is bound to protein and inactive. The amount of unbound T4, known
as
2. The production, storage, and release of T4 (and FT4) are under control of
Ans✓✓✓ 1. free T4 (FT4), is the amount of freely circulating hormone which can
affect the body tissues
2. TSH, it is released from the anterior pituitary gland and travels in the blood
stream to bind with a receptor on the thyroid epithelial cells
1. A diagnosis of GERD can often be made on patient history alone. Explain
2. List other dx tests that can be done Ans✓✓✓ 1. explore if the patient smokes
or drinks alcohol, ingests foods that triggers reflux (i.e. peppermint and chocolate)
or takes medications which may be predispose the patient to GERD by relaxing
the LES
2. Upper GI series
Endoscopy
,Esophageal manometry
Esophageal pH
1. An infection of the lower urinary tract can progress to an upper urinary tract
infection if the bacteria ascends from the bladder to the kidney. The condition is
2. The signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include
3. Think of the symptoms of pyelonephritis in a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the circulation from the kidney via the renal vein
5. For the patient with pyelonephritis, the urine will present with Ans✓✓✓ 1.
pyelonephritis.
2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank pain, costovertebral
angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. Malaise is also a common
complaint
3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
4. there can also be signs of shock
5. WBC casts
1. Another issue that contributes to UI is
2. any of the normal nerve innervations that occur during micturition that are
impeded can cause UI due to weakening of the detrusor muscle or lead to over-
contraction, causing weakening of the internal and external sphincters List some
transient causes Ans✓✓✓ 1. weakness in the internal or external sphincters
2a. Delirium: the individual may be unaware of the need to urinate
2b. (UTI): A UTI can result in frequency and urgency.
2c. Atrophic vaginitis: this is atrophy of the vaginal walls, bladder and urethra r/t
estrogen deficiency
2d. Drugs:
,anticholinergics-prevent relaxation of bladder,
Anti-Parkinson drugs: alpha-agonist, and antagonist drugs-An alpha-agonist will
cause bladder over-contraction of the bladder leading to overflow incontinence;
an alpha-antagonist will prevent the bladder from contracting that will lead to
stress incontinence.
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase the amount and frequency of urination that
results in urge incontinence, Calcium channel blockers can prevent the internal
and external sphincters from contracting
sedatives and hypnotics may inhibit the individual's need to urinate.
1. Bipolar I involves a
2. A Bipolar II disorder involves at least Ans✓✓✓ 1. full manic or mixed episode.
Manic episodes include major highs that can last at least a week; there is always
manic episodes that can be accompanied by psychosis or delusions
2. one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full
mixed or manic episode.
Hypomania involves less severe manic episodes than seen in Bipolar I
1. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a long-term
2. (blank) is used to determine the significance and stage of the CKD
3. Why is Stage III a significant stage Ans✓✓✓ 1. permanent decline in renal
function
2. (GFR)
3. The significance is that there is still an opportunity to improve the patient's
kidney function to keep them between stages I-III. If this can be achieved, then
the patient will not need long term dialysis.
1. Despite the different classifications, all antidepressant medications are
, 2. So what influences the ARNPs drug of choice? Ans✓✓✓ 1. equally effective in
reducing the major symptoms of MDD2.
2a the side effects of the medication, especially if the 2b. drug aggravates an
existing medical condition interactions with other medications and diagnoses
2c. Cost may also be a factor in adherence to treatment
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from the
immune cells. The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this?
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or
bacterimia
Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is much shorter)
Ans✓✓✓ 1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to
one another and adhere to surfaces that help them survive.
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes the
colonization of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the
bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection
becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left untreated, the bacteria can spread into
the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
1. Generally, liver function tests, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) indicate what?
2. Treatment for this patient involves what? Ans✓✓✓ 1. these do not signify
cirrhosis specifically, but rather, demonstrate liver injury.
2. Liver damage is irreversible.
The goal is to treat the complications that result from cirrhosis. The patient will be
encouraged to rest.
He may be prescribed corticosteroids to help decrease inflammation.
The NP should encourage the patient to stop alcohol consumption to slow
cirrhosis progression to improve symptoms and increase his quality of life.
