HLTH 236 Spring 2024 EXAM ONE Study Guide
From Chapter 1, please know the following information:
• Know the definition of Culture (p. 4-5)
o Everything that makes us who we are- why we do what we do
o Culture is learned, changes over time, and is passed from generation
to generation.
o Culture is complex, and many subcultures exist within a dominant culture.
• Know the definition of Race (p.5)
o As a concept, race refers to one's physical characteristics and/ or genetic or
biological makeup.
o It is a social, not a scientific-, construct.
o Developed to categorize people, and at the time it was other races were better than
the others.
• Know the definition of Ethnicity (p.6)
o “The characteristics of . . . people who share a common and distinctive racial,
national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage” (Office of Minority Health, 2001).
o The socially defined characteristic of a group of people who share common
cultural factors such as race, history, national origin, religious belief, or language
• Know the definition of Cultural Ethnocentricity (p.8)
o The belief that one's own culture is superior to another one.
• Know the definition of Cultural Adaptation (p. 10)
o The degree to which a person has adapted to the dominant culture while
retaining traditional practices.
• Know the definition of Acculturation (p. 10)
o Relates to the degree of adaptation that has taken place, a process in which members
of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
• Know the four (4) levels of Acculturation (pp.10-11)
o Most Healthy Adaptation Styles:
▪ * Assimilated individuals: Move away from culture of origin immersing
into dominant society.
• Example: Decide to completely immerse themselves into a
different culture and not feel bad about leaving their origin
culture.
• High-dominant and low-ethnic society
▪ * Integrated individuals: Immerse in both ethnic and dominant society.
• Example: study abroad- learning more of a culture of interest
(not receiving any stress)
• High-dominant and high-ethnic immersion
o Least Healthy Adaptation Styles:
▪ Marginal individuals: Have the most difficulty; not accepted by culture of
origin or dominant society.
• Living within two cultures.
, • Low-dominant and low-ethnic immersion
• Marginalized people tend to have the most psychological problems
and the highest stress
▪ Separated individuals: Withdraw from the dominant society and are
immersed in ethnic society.
• * Considered most healthy adaptation styles
• Low-dominant and high-ethic immersion
• Know about Marginalized people and that they are a group of people who tend to have
the most psychological problems and the highest stress levels. (p. 11)
o These individuals often lack social support systems and are not accepted by
the dominant society or their culture of origin
• Know the definition of Health Disparities (p. 12)
o Health disparities are defined as “differences in health outcomes and their
determinants between segments of the population, as defined by social, demographic,
environmental, and geographic attributes.” (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2013).
• Know what the most important predictor of health disparities is. (p 14)
o Socioeconomic status (SES)
• According to the Institute of Medicine, know what the five domains of health are. (p.14)
o 1. Environmental exposures
o 2. Genetics
o 3. Behavior (lifestyle) choices
o 4. Social circumstances, and
o 5. Medical care (institute of Medicine)
• Know what legislation of 1964 prohibits federally funded programs from discriminating on
the basis of race, color, or national origin. (p. 21)
o The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed in law by President Lyndon Baines Johnson.
o Also prohibits the discrimination of voting rights.
o Title VI (6) of the Civil Rights Act prohibits federally funded programs or activities
from discriminating on the basis of race, color, or national origin.
• Know the definition of Morality (p.25)
o Personal character and what the individual believes is right or wrong conduct.
• Know what the definition/concept of Beneficence is. (p. 26)
o The principle that requires doing good or removing harm.
o Beneficence is at work when balancing the risk, benefit, harm, and effectiveness
of treatment.
• Know the definition of Justice is. (p. 26)
o Ethical principle that holds that people should be treated equally and fairly.
From Chapter 2, please know the following information:
• Know what the definition of Personalistic theory is. (p. 32)
o illness is seen as being due to acts or wishes of other people or supernatural beings
and forces.
From Chapter 1, please know the following information:
• Know the definition of Culture (p. 4-5)
o Everything that makes us who we are- why we do what we do
o Culture is learned, changes over time, and is passed from generation
to generation.
o Culture is complex, and many subcultures exist within a dominant culture.
• Know the definition of Race (p.5)
o As a concept, race refers to one's physical characteristics and/ or genetic or
biological makeup.
o It is a social, not a scientific-, construct.
o Developed to categorize people, and at the time it was other races were better than
the others.
• Know the definition of Ethnicity (p.6)
o “The characteristics of . . . people who share a common and distinctive racial,
national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage” (Office of Minority Health, 2001).
o The socially defined characteristic of a group of people who share common
cultural factors such as race, history, national origin, religious belief, or language
• Know the definition of Cultural Ethnocentricity (p.8)
o The belief that one's own culture is superior to another one.
• Know the definition of Cultural Adaptation (p. 10)
o The degree to which a person has adapted to the dominant culture while
retaining traditional practices.
• Know the definition of Acculturation (p. 10)
o Relates to the degree of adaptation that has taken place, a process in which members
of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
• Know the four (4) levels of Acculturation (pp.10-11)
o Most Healthy Adaptation Styles:
▪ * Assimilated individuals: Move away from culture of origin immersing
into dominant society.
• Example: Decide to completely immerse themselves into a
different culture and not feel bad about leaving their origin
culture.
• High-dominant and low-ethnic society
▪ * Integrated individuals: Immerse in both ethnic and dominant society.
• Example: study abroad- learning more of a culture of interest
(not receiving any stress)
• High-dominant and high-ethnic immersion
o Least Healthy Adaptation Styles:
▪ Marginal individuals: Have the most difficulty; not accepted by culture of
origin or dominant society.
• Living within two cultures.
, • Low-dominant and low-ethnic immersion
• Marginalized people tend to have the most psychological problems
and the highest stress
▪ Separated individuals: Withdraw from the dominant society and are
immersed in ethnic society.
• * Considered most healthy adaptation styles
• Low-dominant and high-ethic immersion
• Know about Marginalized people and that they are a group of people who tend to have
the most psychological problems and the highest stress levels. (p. 11)
o These individuals often lack social support systems and are not accepted by
the dominant society or their culture of origin
• Know the definition of Health Disparities (p. 12)
o Health disparities are defined as “differences in health outcomes and their
determinants between segments of the population, as defined by social, demographic,
environmental, and geographic attributes.” (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2013).
• Know what the most important predictor of health disparities is. (p 14)
o Socioeconomic status (SES)
• According to the Institute of Medicine, know what the five domains of health are. (p.14)
o 1. Environmental exposures
o 2. Genetics
o 3. Behavior (lifestyle) choices
o 4. Social circumstances, and
o 5. Medical care (institute of Medicine)
• Know what legislation of 1964 prohibits federally funded programs from discriminating on
the basis of race, color, or national origin. (p. 21)
o The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed in law by President Lyndon Baines Johnson.
o Also prohibits the discrimination of voting rights.
o Title VI (6) of the Civil Rights Act prohibits federally funded programs or activities
from discriminating on the basis of race, color, or national origin.
• Know the definition of Morality (p.25)
o Personal character and what the individual believes is right or wrong conduct.
• Know what the definition/concept of Beneficence is. (p. 26)
o The principle that requires doing good or removing harm.
o Beneficence is at work when balancing the risk, benefit, harm, and effectiveness
of treatment.
• Know the definition of Justice is. (p. 26)
o Ethical principle that holds that people should be treated equally and fairly.
From Chapter 2, please know the following information:
• Know what the definition of Personalistic theory is. (p. 32)
o illness is seen as being due to acts or wishes of other people or supernatural beings
and forces.
