BISC 3150 Exam 2 Questions With All
Correct Answers 2025 Latest Update
What causes the vast majority of cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV)
What is the transformation zone of the cervix? CORRECT ANSWERS Part of the
exocervix that has undergone metaplasia in a female after puberty
What does HPV cause? CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Cutaneous Warts
2. Genital Warts
3. Cervical Cancer
What types of HPV cause genital warts? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV 6 & 11
What types of HPV cause cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV 16 & 18
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer related to HPV exposure? CORRECT
ANSWERS Sexually Transmitted Infection
Early age at first intercourse
Multiple sexual partners
Male partner who has had multiple sexual partners
Outcomes of an HPV Exposure CORRECT ANSWERS Inflammation - clears infection
in months or it doesn't and persists to be asymptomatic or symptomatic
Symptomatic HPV CORRECT ANSWERS Condyloma Acuminatum (genital warts)
or
Cervical Cancer
Infection of Basal Cells & Viral Replication CORRECT ANSWERS A micro-wound
develops t the junction between the stratified squamous epithelium & simple columnar
cells
Once the basal cell is infected, the virus uses the basal cell replication machinery to
replicate its DNA
What happens with the infection of HPV 6 & 11 Subtypes? CORRECT ANSWERS
There becomes a low controlled expression of viral proteins E6 & E7
This causes an increased proliferation in basal and supra-basal compartments -- leads
to genital warts
What happens with the infection of HPV 16 & 18 Subtypes? CORRECT ANSWERS
Viral DNA inserts itself into the host DNA, causing uncontrolled high expression of
,proteins E6 & E7, inhibiting p53 and Rb tumor suppressors leading to uncontrolled
dysplastic growth
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) CORRECT ANSWERS It is a precursor lesion
Can become high grade where it longer can regress
Only a small percent will go to the invasive cervical cancer, and a small percent of that
only will metastasize
CIN 1 Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Low grade
Lower 1/3 of the epidermis is affected
CIN II Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Moderate Dysplasia in the lower 2/3 of the
epidermis is affected
CIN III Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Severe Dysplasia throughout
Signs of Abnormal Pap Smears hinting toward HPV? CORRECT ANSWERS
Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Increase Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
How do HPV 16/18 Develop? CORRECT ANSWERS Uncontrolled growth from
oncoprotein E6/E7
Can also come from other mutations and external risk factors (smoking or
immunosuppressed individuals - i.e. HIV)
Then it turns malignant transformation and cervical cancer
Epithelium of Endocervix CORRECT ANSWERS Mucin producing
Columnar Epithelium
Glandular
Epithelium of Exocervix CORRECT ANSWERS Transformation Zone
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What types of invasive carcinoma can occur in endocervix? CORRECT ANSWERS
Adenocarcinoma - 20%
What types of invasive carcinoma can occur in the exocervix? CORRECT ANSWERS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma - 75%
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS vaginal bleeding,
leukorrhea (thick whitish discharge), dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dysuria
(painful urination)
Prognosis of CIN CORRECT ANSWERS Peak incidence around 30 years of age (high
success rate with surgery)
, Prognosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma CORRECT ANSWERS Peak incidence around
45 years of age - about 10-15 years after that of CIN.
Survival depends on what stage it is found in
What would be a main symptom of cervical cancer CORRECT ANSWERS Abnormal
Vaginal Bleeding - something that is causing the vaginal bleeding that shouldn't be there
Condyloma Acuminatum - genital warts
Because of the Pap smear, the incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing. Why?
CORRECT ANSWERS A pap smear can detect precursor lesions and treat. Very
interested in getting cells in the transformation zone
The relative proportion of adenocarcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma is increasing.
Why? CORRECT ANSWERS A pap smear detects SCC better than adenocarcinoma
What is an HPV test looking for? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV test is looking for HPV 16
or 18 infected cells. They have the highest risk of turning cancerous.
Why wait until 30 years old for HPV testing? CORRECT ANSWERS you wait until you
are 30 because most infections are cleared before then.
Types of abnormal endometrial growth CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Polyps
Adenomyosis CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of endometrium into the myometrium
Endometriosis CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of the endometrium outside of the uterus
Functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus
How does endometrial tissue get to ectopic sites? CORRECT ANSWERS Retrograde
Menstruation or regurgitation up the fallopian tube
Occurs in most women - unknown why the tissue is not cleared in the immune system
by some women who have this
Can reflux into abdominal cavity
What happens to tissue during the menstrual cycle? CORRECT ANSWERS Same as
the endometrium of the uterus:
Estrogen --> proliferation phase
Progesterone --> Secretory phase
Loss of hormones --> Tissue breakdown and bleeding
Happens every frickin' month
What happens with endometrial caused bleeding? CORRECT ANSWERS Bleeding into
surrounding structures leads to accumulation of hemosdierin pigments or old blood.
Correct Answers 2025 Latest Update
What causes the vast majority of cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV)
What is the transformation zone of the cervix? CORRECT ANSWERS Part of the
exocervix that has undergone metaplasia in a female after puberty
What does HPV cause? CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Cutaneous Warts
2. Genital Warts
3. Cervical Cancer
What types of HPV cause genital warts? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV 6 & 11
What types of HPV cause cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV 16 & 18
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer related to HPV exposure? CORRECT
ANSWERS Sexually Transmitted Infection
Early age at first intercourse
Multiple sexual partners
Male partner who has had multiple sexual partners
Outcomes of an HPV Exposure CORRECT ANSWERS Inflammation - clears infection
in months or it doesn't and persists to be asymptomatic or symptomatic
Symptomatic HPV CORRECT ANSWERS Condyloma Acuminatum (genital warts)
or
Cervical Cancer
Infection of Basal Cells & Viral Replication CORRECT ANSWERS A micro-wound
develops t the junction between the stratified squamous epithelium & simple columnar
cells
Once the basal cell is infected, the virus uses the basal cell replication machinery to
replicate its DNA
What happens with the infection of HPV 6 & 11 Subtypes? CORRECT ANSWERS
There becomes a low controlled expression of viral proteins E6 & E7
This causes an increased proliferation in basal and supra-basal compartments -- leads
to genital warts
What happens with the infection of HPV 16 & 18 Subtypes? CORRECT ANSWERS
Viral DNA inserts itself into the host DNA, causing uncontrolled high expression of
,proteins E6 & E7, inhibiting p53 and Rb tumor suppressors leading to uncontrolled
dysplastic growth
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) CORRECT ANSWERS It is a precursor lesion
Can become high grade where it longer can regress
Only a small percent will go to the invasive cervical cancer, and a small percent of that
only will metastasize
CIN 1 Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Low grade
Lower 1/3 of the epidermis is affected
CIN II Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Moderate Dysplasia in the lower 2/3 of the
epidermis is affected
CIN III Stage CORRECT ANSWERS Severe Dysplasia throughout
Signs of Abnormal Pap Smears hinting toward HPV? CORRECT ANSWERS
Pleomorphism
Hyperchromatism
Increase Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
How do HPV 16/18 Develop? CORRECT ANSWERS Uncontrolled growth from
oncoprotein E6/E7
Can also come from other mutations and external risk factors (smoking or
immunosuppressed individuals - i.e. HIV)
Then it turns malignant transformation and cervical cancer
Epithelium of Endocervix CORRECT ANSWERS Mucin producing
Columnar Epithelium
Glandular
Epithelium of Exocervix CORRECT ANSWERS Transformation Zone
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What types of invasive carcinoma can occur in endocervix? CORRECT ANSWERS
Adenocarcinoma - 20%
What types of invasive carcinoma can occur in the exocervix? CORRECT ANSWERS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma - 75%
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? CORRECT ANSWERS vaginal bleeding,
leukorrhea (thick whitish discharge), dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and dysuria
(painful urination)
Prognosis of CIN CORRECT ANSWERS Peak incidence around 30 years of age (high
success rate with surgery)
, Prognosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma CORRECT ANSWERS Peak incidence around
45 years of age - about 10-15 years after that of CIN.
Survival depends on what stage it is found in
What would be a main symptom of cervical cancer CORRECT ANSWERS Abnormal
Vaginal Bleeding - something that is causing the vaginal bleeding that shouldn't be there
Condyloma Acuminatum - genital warts
Because of the Pap smear, the incidence of cervical cancer has been decreasing. Why?
CORRECT ANSWERS A pap smear can detect precursor lesions and treat. Very
interested in getting cells in the transformation zone
The relative proportion of adenocarcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma is increasing.
Why? CORRECT ANSWERS A pap smear detects SCC better than adenocarcinoma
What is an HPV test looking for? CORRECT ANSWERS HPV test is looking for HPV 16
or 18 infected cells. They have the highest risk of turning cancerous.
Why wait until 30 years old for HPV testing? CORRECT ANSWERS you wait until you
are 30 because most infections are cleared before then.
Types of abnormal endometrial growth CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Polyps
Adenomyosis CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of endometrium into the myometrium
Endometriosis CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of the endometrium outside of the uterus
Functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus
How does endometrial tissue get to ectopic sites? CORRECT ANSWERS Retrograde
Menstruation or regurgitation up the fallopian tube
Occurs in most women - unknown why the tissue is not cleared in the immune system
by some women who have this
Can reflux into abdominal cavity
What happens to tissue during the menstrual cycle? CORRECT ANSWERS Same as
the endometrium of the uterus:
Estrogen --> proliferation phase
Progesterone --> Secretory phase
Loss of hormones --> Tissue breakdown and bleeding
Happens every frickin' month
What happens with endometrial caused bleeding? CORRECT ANSWERS Bleeding into
surrounding structures leads to accumulation of hemosdierin pigments or old blood.
