West Coast EMT Final Prep – Medical questions and solutions

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1. What is a PCR?: legal document used to record all aspects of patient care; from
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initial dispatch report to arrival at the hospital
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2. what is the purpose of a PCR?: transfer of information and continuity of care,
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compliance and legal documentation, administrative information, reimbursement,
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education, and data collection for quality improvement and research
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3. What information is on a PCR?: chief complaint, MOI/NOI, LOC/mental status,
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vital signs, initial and ongoing assessment, patient demographics, transport infor-
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mation
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4. HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act):limits the avail-
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ability of PTs health care information and penalizes violations of a patient's privacy
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5. expressed consent:: the type of consent when a patient verbally or otherwise nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




acknowledges that he or she wants you to provide care or transport
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6. informedconsent: youexplainedthenatureofthetreatmentbeingoffered,along w/ n
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potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment, as well as the potential
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consequences of refusing treatment
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7. implied consent: applies only when a serious medical condition exists and
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should never be used unless there is a threat of life or a limb
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8. bradycardia:HRlessthan60beats/min;heartcannotpumpenoughoxygenrich n
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blood to the body
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9. tachycardia: HR above 100b/min;heart and body can become very tired and nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




deprived of nutrients
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10. supraventricular tachycardia (SVT):above 150bpm nk nk n
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11. respiration: physiologic process of exchanging oxygen and CO2 in the alveoli (in nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




context of environmental emergencies, the loss of body heat as warm air in the lungs
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is exhaled into the atmostphere and cooler air is inhaled
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12. ventilation: Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment, sponta- n
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neously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.
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13. minute volume: the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute
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14. residual volume: the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




15. tidal volume: the amount of air that is moved in or out of the lungs during one
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relaxed breath
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16. when to use nasal cannula: low flow O2 (less than 6lpm), used when a PT
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won't tolerate an NRB or needs constant low flow home O2.used by COPD PTs
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17. when to use NRB: HF O2 used when PT has adequate tidal volume
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18. when to use BVM: used when the PT has inadequate tidal volume (shallow)
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19. when to use CPAP: used byPTswith COPDorpulmonaryedema to force open the
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alveoli in the lungs to allow fluid to escape
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20. what is theV/Q ratio: describes how much gas is being moved effectively
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(ventilation) thru the lungs and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where
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, westcoastemtfinalexam n
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gasexchange(perfusion)occurs.mismatchoccurswhenoneofthosetwovariables is
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abnormal
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21. is the respiratory cycle normally positive or negative pressure?: negative
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22. hydrostatic pressure:pressure of water against the walls of container (capil- nk n
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laries)
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23. oncoticpressure:Thepressureofwatertomove,typicallyintothecapillary,as the n
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result of the presence of plasma proteins.
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24. depth of compressions in adult CPR: 2 inches nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




25. depth of compressions in pediatric CPR: 1.5inches nk nk nk nk nk nk




26. what is considered normal breathing: normal rate (12-20/min) and depth,
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regular rhythm/pattern of exhalation and inhalation, clear audible breath songs on
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both sides of the chest, movement of the abdomen
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27. what is not considered normal breathing: appear to be working hard to
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breathe, rate less than 12 or more than 20, muscle retractions above the clavicles or
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between the rib cage, pale or cyanotic skin, cool or clammy skin, tripod position,
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shallow tidal volume
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28. signs of respiratory distress: dyspnea, abnormal breathing rate or rhythm, ab-
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normal lung sounds, altered LOC, pulse ox below 94%, cyanosis, shallow breathing,
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unequal rise and fall of the chest, thoracic trauma
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29. COPD/emphysema S/S: disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and CO2;
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accessory muscle use, wheezing, SOB, tachycardia, barreled chest, perched lips
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30. paradoxial movement: abnormality associated with multiple fractured ribs in nk n
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which one segment of the chest wall moves in the opposite direction of the other
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part of the chest
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31. flail chest:: 3 or more ribs are fractured in two or more places or in association with
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fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached
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from the rest of the thoracic cage
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32. structureslinedwithmucusmembranes:anus,intestine,nose,insidesofthe n
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mouth
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33. angina pectoris: Transient (short-lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle;imbalance between the amt of
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oxygen the myocardium needs and what it is getting
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34. AMI: blockage of coronary artery causing no blood flow to the heart
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35. ischemic heart disease: A category of heart-related problems caused by the nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk nk




narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle.
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