Pharm Exam 2
Ch 10 Antivirals
Review gure 10.1 on page 142
-Children are very sensitive to the eects of Antiviral drugs.
Viruses that respond to Antivirals
Inuenza A and some respiratory viruses
Herpes Virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Human Immunodeciency virus (HIV) causing acquired-immune deciency syndrome
(AIDS)
Hepatitis B&C
Some viruses causing warts and some eye infections
A virus cannot replicate on its own. It must attach and enter a host cell.
They are hard to kill because they live inside the cell.
Drugs can kill our good cells.
Rimantadine- treats inuenza A
Inhibits viral replication
Caution with pregnancy and renal impairment.
ADRs: Lightheadedness, dizziness, depression, insomnia, nausea, dyspnea, orthostatic
hypotension.
Don’t take with aspirin or acetaminophen
Adefovir- Treats chronic Hepatitis B
Inhibits reverse transcriptase, blocks replication
Caution with liver or renal dysfunction, eects on fetus unknown
ADRs: headache, asthenia (abnormal weakness), nausea, hepatomegaly with steatosis,
nephrotoxicity, lactic acidosis
Don’t take with nephrotoxic drugs
Acyclovir- Treats HSV 1 & 2, shingles, chickenpox
Inhibits DNA replication
Caution with CNS disorders and renal disease. Toxic to pregnancy
ADRs: Headache, vertigo, tremors, nausea, vomiting, rash
Don’t take with Nephrotoxic drugs or Zidovudine (drowsiness)
Do we need to know HIV meds?
, Ch 11 Antifungals
How fungi diers from bacteria:
-composed of rigid cell wall made up chitin and various polysaccharides, and a cell membrane
containing ergosterol - protective layers of the fungal cell make the organism resistant to
antibiotics
Patients susceptible to fungal infections:
-HIV/AIDS, ARC (Aids related complex)
-patients taking immunosuppressive drugs
-patients who have undergone transplant surgery or cancer treatment
-members of growing elderly population no longer protected from environmental fungi
-A culture should be obtained prior to prescribing antifungal agents.-
→ patients on antifungal agents are typically immunosuppressed.
Typical Adverse eects: dermatological reactions, liver damage, GI eects, renal damage, bone
marrow suppression.
Stop topical antifungals if serious local irritation, burning and pain occur.
Azoles:
Fluconazole (Diucan)- ORAL,IV, to treat candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and other
systemic fungal infections.
Topical Antifungal Agents:
Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelx)- TOPICAL-tinea infections (ringworm), athletes foot
(tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris), candida (yeast infections of the mouth and vagina)
Ch 12 Antiprotozoals Agents
Malaria- insect bite most common in sub-saharan africa, asia, and latin america.
Metronidazole (agyl, metrogel, noritate)- ORAL, IV- treats amebiasis, trichomoniasis,
giardiasis
Antimalarials:
Chloroquine (Aralen) ORAL- prevention and treatment of plasmodial malaria; treatment of
extraintestinal amebiasis
Protozoan- a parasitic cellular organism. Its life cycle includes a parasitic phase inside human
tissues and cells. Antimalarials attack the parasite at their stages of development.
Amebiasis- intestinal infection caused by amebic dysentery.
Stage 1- cystic, dormant, can live for long periods in or out of the intestines.
Stage 2- trophozoite stage, ideal environment, in the large intestine.
Ch 10 Antivirals
Review gure 10.1 on page 142
-Children are very sensitive to the eects of Antiviral drugs.
Viruses that respond to Antivirals
Inuenza A and some respiratory viruses
Herpes Virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Human Immunodeciency virus (HIV) causing acquired-immune deciency syndrome
(AIDS)
Hepatitis B&C
Some viruses causing warts and some eye infections
A virus cannot replicate on its own. It must attach and enter a host cell.
They are hard to kill because they live inside the cell.
Drugs can kill our good cells.
Rimantadine- treats inuenza A
Inhibits viral replication
Caution with pregnancy and renal impairment.
ADRs: Lightheadedness, dizziness, depression, insomnia, nausea, dyspnea, orthostatic
hypotension.
Don’t take with aspirin or acetaminophen
Adefovir- Treats chronic Hepatitis B
Inhibits reverse transcriptase, blocks replication
Caution with liver or renal dysfunction, eects on fetus unknown
ADRs: headache, asthenia (abnormal weakness), nausea, hepatomegaly with steatosis,
nephrotoxicity, lactic acidosis
Don’t take with nephrotoxic drugs
Acyclovir- Treats HSV 1 & 2, shingles, chickenpox
Inhibits DNA replication
Caution with CNS disorders and renal disease. Toxic to pregnancy
ADRs: Headache, vertigo, tremors, nausea, vomiting, rash
Don’t take with Nephrotoxic drugs or Zidovudine (drowsiness)
Do we need to know HIV meds?
, Ch 11 Antifungals
How fungi diers from bacteria:
-composed of rigid cell wall made up chitin and various polysaccharides, and a cell membrane
containing ergosterol - protective layers of the fungal cell make the organism resistant to
antibiotics
Patients susceptible to fungal infections:
-HIV/AIDS, ARC (Aids related complex)
-patients taking immunosuppressive drugs
-patients who have undergone transplant surgery or cancer treatment
-members of growing elderly population no longer protected from environmental fungi
-A culture should be obtained prior to prescribing antifungal agents.-
→ patients on antifungal agents are typically immunosuppressed.
Typical Adverse eects: dermatological reactions, liver damage, GI eects, renal damage, bone
marrow suppression.
Stop topical antifungals if serious local irritation, burning and pain occur.
Azoles:
Fluconazole (Diucan)- ORAL,IV, to treat candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, and other
systemic fungal infections.
Topical Antifungal Agents:
Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelx)- TOPICAL-tinea infections (ringworm), athletes foot
(tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris), candida (yeast infections of the mouth and vagina)
Ch 12 Antiprotozoals Agents
Malaria- insect bite most common in sub-saharan africa, asia, and latin america.
Metronidazole (agyl, metrogel, noritate)- ORAL, IV- treats amebiasis, trichomoniasis,
giardiasis
Antimalarials:
Chloroquine (Aralen) ORAL- prevention and treatment of plasmodial malaria; treatment of
extraintestinal amebiasis
Protozoan- a parasitic cellular organism. Its life cycle includes a parasitic phase inside human
tissues and cells. Antimalarials attack the parasite at their stages of development.
Amebiasis- intestinal infection caused by amebic dysentery.
Stage 1- cystic, dormant, can live for long periods in or out of the intestines.
Stage 2- trophozoite stage, ideal environment, in the large intestine.
