NURS 172 EXAM 3 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED
A+ | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE
respiratory acidosis (carbonic acid excess) occurs whenever there is hypoventilation
respiratory alkalosis (carbonic acid deficit) occurs whenever there is hyperventilation
metabolic acidosis (base bicarbonate deficit) occurs when an acid other than carbonic acid
accumulates in the body or when bicarbonate is lost from the body fluids
metabolic alkalosis (base bicarbonate excess) occurs when a loss of acid (prolonged
vomiting or gastric suction) or a gain in bicarbonate occurs
artieral blood gas (ABG) values provide valuable info about pt's acid-base status, the
underlying cause of imbalance, body's ability to regulate pH, and pt's overall oxygen status
acid base imbalances -frequently developed in pt with a number of clinical conditions
- always co nsider with serious illness
body's 3 mechanisms by which it regulates acid-base balance buffer system, respiratory
system, renal system
,normal arterial pH in body 7.35-7.45
fluid movement in capillaries the amount of fluid movemnt between the interstitium and
the capillary is determined by the interaction of
- cap hydrostaic pressure
- plasma onocotic pressure
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- interstitial oncotic pressure
*when cap or interstitial pressures are altered, fluid may abnormally shift from one
compartment to another, resulting in edema or dehydration
regulation of water balance -maintained by water intake, use, excretion
-intact thirst mechanim is important. pt who lacks this at risk for fluid deficit and
hyperosmolality
an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume stimulates
_________ ADH secretion
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex help _________.
regulate water and electrolytes . Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, has potent sodium-
retaining and potassium-excreting capability
,primary organs for regulating fluids and electrolytes balance through adjusting urine volume
and composition kidneys
insensible water loss invisible vaporization from lungs and skin, assists in regulating body
temp
fluid volume deficit can occur with abnormal loss of body fluids
(diarrhea, drainage, hemorrhage, poyuria), inadequate intake, or a plasma-to-interstitial fluid
shift
fluid volume excess may result from excessive intake of fluids, abnormal retention of fluids
(heart failure, renal failure), or interstitial-to-plasma fluid shift
water content of body -60% of body weight in adult
- 2 major fluid compartments in the body are intracellular fluid, inside the cell & ECF, outside
the cell. ECF composed of interstital fluid, plasma, transcellular fluids
2 forces that drive water movement hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
assessment of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances assess for clinical manifestations.,
history, meds, surgery. assessment of serum electrolyte alues is best starting point for
identifying imbalances.
other useful tests: osmolality, glucose, BUN, creatinie, specific gravity
, hypotonic solutions provide more water than electrolytes, diluting the ECF and producing
movement of water from ECF to ICF
ex: 0.45% saline, 0.33% NaCl, 2.5% detrose water
isotonic solutions expands only ECF. There is no net gain from ICF
ex: lactated ringers, 0.9% NaCL, D5W
hypertonic solutions increase the osmolality of the ECF and results in expansion of ECF. Used
to treat hyponatremia & trauma pts with head injuries
ex: D5 1/2, D10W, 3% normal saline, D5NS
colloids large molecules. do not pass through semipermeable membranes. increase oncotic
pressure, pulling fluids into the vascular space. expand the intravascular volume. drawsfluids
from extracascular spaces by oncotic pressure. volue expanders
used: hypoproteinemia, malnourished states, pts who need volume expansions and cannot
tolerate the large transfusions of crystalloids
common additives to the basic IV solutions KCL, CaCL, MgSO4, HCO3-
crystalloids easily mixed and dissolve in a solution. small. cross semipermeable membrane.
may increase interstitial and intavascular spaces. 3 types: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
A+ | 2025/2026 LATEST UPDATE
respiratory acidosis (carbonic acid excess) occurs whenever there is hypoventilation
respiratory alkalosis (carbonic acid deficit) occurs whenever there is hyperventilation
metabolic acidosis (base bicarbonate deficit) occurs when an acid other than carbonic acid
accumulates in the body or when bicarbonate is lost from the body fluids
metabolic alkalosis (base bicarbonate excess) occurs when a loss of acid (prolonged
vomiting or gastric suction) or a gain in bicarbonate occurs
artieral blood gas (ABG) values provide valuable info about pt's acid-base status, the
underlying cause of imbalance, body's ability to regulate pH, and pt's overall oxygen status
acid base imbalances -frequently developed in pt with a number of clinical conditions
- always co nsider with serious illness
body's 3 mechanisms by which it regulates acid-base balance buffer system, respiratory
system, renal system
,normal arterial pH in body 7.35-7.45
fluid movement in capillaries the amount of fluid movemnt between the interstitium and
the capillary is determined by the interaction of
- cap hydrostaic pressure
- plasma onocotic pressure
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- interstitial oncotic pressure
*when cap or interstitial pressures are altered, fluid may abnormally shift from one
compartment to another, resulting in edema or dehydration
regulation of water balance -maintained by water intake, use, excretion
-intact thirst mechanim is important. pt who lacks this at risk for fluid deficit and
hyperosmolality
an increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume stimulates
_________ ADH secretion
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex help _________.
regulate water and electrolytes . Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, has potent sodium-
retaining and potassium-excreting capability
,primary organs for regulating fluids and electrolytes balance through adjusting urine volume
and composition kidneys
insensible water loss invisible vaporization from lungs and skin, assists in regulating body
temp
fluid volume deficit can occur with abnormal loss of body fluids
(diarrhea, drainage, hemorrhage, poyuria), inadequate intake, or a plasma-to-interstitial fluid
shift
fluid volume excess may result from excessive intake of fluids, abnormal retention of fluids
(heart failure, renal failure), or interstitial-to-plasma fluid shift
water content of body -60% of body weight in adult
- 2 major fluid compartments in the body are intracellular fluid, inside the cell & ECF, outside
the cell. ECF composed of interstital fluid, plasma, transcellular fluids
2 forces that drive water movement hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
assessment of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances assess for clinical manifestations.,
history, meds, surgery. assessment of serum electrolyte alues is best starting point for
identifying imbalances.
other useful tests: osmolality, glucose, BUN, creatinie, specific gravity
, hypotonic solutions provide more water than electrolytes, diluting the ECF and producing
movement of water from ECF to ICF
ex: 0.45% saline, 0.33% NaCl, 2.5% detrose water
isotonic solutions expands only ECF. There is no net gain from ICF
ex: lactated ringers, 0.9% NaCL, D5W
hypertonic solutions increase the osmolality of the ECF and results in expansion of ECF. Used
to treat hyponatremia & trauma pts with head injuries
ex: D5 1/2, D10W, 3% normal saline, D5NS
colloids large molecules. do not pass through semipermeable membranes. increase oncotic
pressure, pulling fluids into the vascular space. expand the intravascular volume. drawsfluids
from extracascular spaces by oncotic pressure. volue expanders
used: hypoproteinemia, malnourished states, pts who need volume expansions and cannot
tolerate the large transfusions of crystalloids
common additives to the basic IV solutions KCL, CaCL, MgSO4, HCO3-
crystalloids easily mixed and dissolve in a solution. small. cross semipermeable membrane.
may increase interstitial and intavascular spaces. 3 types: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
