ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy LATEST UPDATED
2025/2026 Certificate Exam WITH
COMPLETE Questions And VERIFIED AND
DETAILED Answers 100% SURE PASS!!
GRADED AT A+
1 .Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
1. Oncogene - ANSWER ✔ when mistakes in copies of DNA can
occur, if a mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and
become a _TUMOU_R____
2. Examples of oncogoenes - ANSWER ✔ 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes
for an epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
3. Benign Tumors - ANSWER ✔ -encapsulated and grow in an orderly
manner with smooth edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
4. Characteristics of Cancer Cells - ANSWER ✔ -Malignant tumors are
not encapsulated
,-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the
tumor (angiogenesis)
5. The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✔ -The cell cycle refers to the
ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell
division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
6. Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER ✔ Cell division produces
two identical cells through these two major phases
7. During interphase: - ANSWER ✔ Cell grows and DNA is replicated
through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
, 8. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER ✔ -cells increase in
size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
9. Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER ✔ -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
10. Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER ✔ -Replicated chromosomes
are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
11. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER
✔ -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
12. Restriction Point - ANSWER ✔ -The transition from the resting
phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
Immunotherapy LATEST UPDATED
2025/2026 Certificate Exam WITH
COMPLETE Questions And VERIFIED AND
DETAILED Answers 100% SURE PASS!!
GRADED AT A+
1 .Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
1. Oncogene - ANSWER ✔ when mistakes in copies of DNA can
occur, if a mutation occurs next to a proto-oncogene, it can "turn on" and
become a _TUMOU_R____
2. Examples of oncogoenes - ANSWER ✔ 1. EGFR or Erb-B1 (codes
for an epidermal GF receptor in the receptor-tyrosine kinase family ad is
associated with head and neck and colorectal cancers)
3. Benign Tumors - ANSWER ✔ -encapsulated and grow in an orderly
manner with smooth edges
-Do not invade neighboring tissue
-DO not metastasize to distant sites
-the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell
4. Characteristics of Cancer Cells - ANSWER ✔ -Malignant tumors are
not encapsulated
,-Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)
-Cell division is uncontrolled
-Cells are loosely adherent without contact inhibition
-Cells are able to invade neighboring tissue
-Cells can migrate and metastasize to distant sites
-Can stimulate the development of new blood vessels to supply the
tumor (angiogenesis)
5. The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER ✔ -The cell cycle refers to the
ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell
division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
6. Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER ✔ Cell division produces
two identical cells through these two major phases
7. During interphase: - ANSWER ✔ Cell grows and DNA is replicated
through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
, 8. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER ✔ -cells increase in
size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
9. Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER ✔ -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
10. Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER ✔ -Replicated chromosomes
are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
11. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER
✔ -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
12. Restriction Point - ANSWER ✔ -The transition from the resting
phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
