PORTAGE BIOD 101 MODULE 6 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Describe how prokaryotic cells store genetic material. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Non membrane
bound nucleoid region.
List TWO similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅plasma
membrane, contain ribosomes to make proteins
Describe how eukaryotic cells store genetic information. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Membrane
bound nucleus
Describe the role of the cell wall in a bacterial cell. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅responsible for the
shape of a cell, provides protection against environmental stressors
List THREE accessory structures that facilitate movement and attachment in bacteria - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅capsule, fimbriae, flagella
Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regarding the amount of
peptidoglycan present in their cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-positive bacteria have a
thick layer of peptidoglycan, and Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Describe the Gram-stain process - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅First, a sample of the bacteria is stained
with a crystal violet dye and iodine. Next, the sample is rinsed with alcohol to remove the unbound dyes.
Finally, the sample is stained a second time with a red dye. The properties of the cell wall will determine
how the dyes change the color of the cell, and determination of the type of bacteria can be made when
the stained cells are viewed under a microscope.
List and describe the most common bacterial shapes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Cocci: spherical,
bacilli: rod shaped, spiral: spiral shaped from a comma to corkscrew shape.
Spherical-shaped cells arranged in chains can be best described as? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Streptococci
,List the two MAIN branches of immunity and compare them by response time. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Answer: Innate immunity is rapid in its response, and adaptive immunity is slower in
its response
Discuss the role of complement proteins in innate immunity. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅When in a
dormant state, complement proteins freely circulate in the blood. The molecules on the surface of
pathogens trigger the complement proteins to activate. Activation causes a process of biochemical
reactions that results in the proteins forming a pore on the surface of the pathogen and lysing the
pathogenic cell.
Which cells are the most abundant and play a major role in the process of inflammation? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Neutrophils
Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Monocytes
List the TWO arms of adaptive immunity, and the cells found in each - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Humoral response (B cells and associated antibodies), cell-mediated responses (T
cells)
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅agents used by a pathogen to establish successful colonization within a host. M-
protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of the body? In what tissues would
it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mouth and gut, opportunistic in
urinary tract, respiratory tract and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sticky, composed of thick layers of proteins
and polysaccharides
What does a capsule provide? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mechanism of adhesion to host cells and
other bacteria
, When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Colony
Describe fimbriae - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach to surfaces
Describe flagella - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Whiplike structure with various attachment sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A protein gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅NAG
and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Enclose bacteria, give it shape
and protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like location results in - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The stain is too large to be washed
away from the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Pink or red
Why are gram- stains a certain color? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The stain can be washed away
through thin Peptidoglycan layer
ANSWERS
Describe how prokaryotic cells store genetic material. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Non membrane
bound nucleoid region.
List TWO similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅plasma
membrane, contain ribosomes to make proteins
Describe how eukaryotic cells store genetic information. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Membrane
bound nucleus
Describe the role of the cell wall in a bacterial cell. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅responsible for the
shape of a cell, provides protection against environmental stressors
List THREE accessory structures that facilitate movement and attachment in bacteria - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅capsule, fimbriae, flagella
Compare and contrast Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regarding the amount of
peptidoglycan present in their cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-positive bacteria have a
thick layer of peptidoglycan, and Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Describe the Gram-stain process - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅First, a sample of the bacteria is stained
with a crystal violet dye and iodine. Next, the sample is rinsed with alcohol to remove the unbound dyes.
Finally, the sample is stained a second time with a red dye. The properties of the cell wall will determine
how the dyes change the color of the cell, and determination of the type of bacteria can be made when
the stained cells are viewed under a microscope.
List and describe the most common bacterial shapes. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Cocci: spherical,
bacilli: rod shaped, spiral: spiral shaped from a comma to corkscrew shape.
Spherical-shaped cells arranged in chains can be best described as? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Streptococci
,List the two MAIN branches of immunity and compare them by response time. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Answer: Innate immunity is rapid in its response, and adaptive immunity is slower in
its response
Discuss the role of complement proteins in innate immunity. - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅When in a
dormant state, complement proteins freely circulate in the blood. The molecules on the surface of
pathogens trigger the complement proteins to activate. Activation causes a process of biochemical
reactions that results in the proteins forming a pore on the surface of the pathogen and lysing the
pathogenic cell.
Which cells are the most abundant and play a major role in the process of inflammation? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Neutrophils
Macrophages and dendritic cells are examples of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Monocytes
List the TWO arms of adaptive immunity, and the cells found in each - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Humoral response (B cells and associated antibodies), cell-mediated responses (T
cells)
What are virulence factors? List ONE virulence factor related to GAS. - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅agents used by a pathogen to establish successful colonization within a host. M-
protein and a capsule.
Klebsiella Pneumonia can be found commensally in what two tissues of the body? In what tissues would
it turn into an opportunistic pathogen? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mouth and gut, opportunistic in
urinary tract, respiratory tract and open wounds
Describe a capsule/glycocalyx - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Sticky, composed of thick layers of proteins
and polysaccharides
What does a capsule provide? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Mechanism of adhesion to host cells and
other bacteria
, When bacterial cells stick together, they form a - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Colony
Describe fimbriae - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Short, thin, hairlike appendages that attach to surfaces
Describe flagella - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Whiplike structure with various attachment sites
Rotational movement of flagellum is produced by - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅A protein gradient
___ and ___ are cross connected by amino acid links in the cell wall - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅NAG
and NAM
Cross linked sugars in the cell wall make a polymer called - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan makes a mesh like barrier to - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Enclose bacteria, give it shape
and protection
The arrangement of sugars in a cell wall is uniform, but nuances like location results in - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅✅Bacteria having cell wall characteristics that vary by type
What color are Gram+ stains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Deep purple
Why are gram+ stains a certain color? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The stain is too large to be washed
away from the thick cell wall
What color are gram- stains? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Pink or red
Why are gram- stains a certain color? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅The stain can be washed away
through thin Peptidoglycan layer
