Microbiology Exam 1 Study Guide Answers Latest Version 2025

What is the definition of microbiology? - Correct Ans-is the study of microorganisms and their activities. In addition, it also is the study of small living things. Microorganisms - Correct Ans-are those organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye and include things like bacteria, fungi, and viruses. What kinds of organisms do microbiologists study? - Correct Ans-Microbiologists study microorganisms. Microbiologists may specialize in the study of different groups of microorganisms. The kinds of organisms microbiologists study include: - Correct Ans-Bacteria Fungi Protists Viruses Bacteriology - Correct Ans-the study of bacteria often broadly designated as Microbiology Mycology - Correct Ans-the study of fungi Protozoology - Correct Ans-study of protozoa Virology - Correct Ans-study of viruses What are three properties of all microbial cells? - Correct Ans-Metabolism Growth Evolution Evolution - Correct Ans-Cells evolve to display new properties. Phylogenetic trees capture evolutionary relationships. Growth - Correct Ans-Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells. Metabolism - Correct Ans-Cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes. chemical transformation of nutrients. the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell. What are four properties of some microbial cells that we discussed in lecture? - Correct Ans-Differentiation Communication Genetic Exchange Motility Genetic exchange - Correct Ans-Cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms. Communication - Correct Ans-Cells interact with each other by chemical messengers. Differentiation - Correct Ans-Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore. Motility - Correct Ans-Self-movement Some cells are capable of self-propulsion. What is the 3-domain system? - Correct Ans-The 3-domain system is a system for classifying biological organisms and they include: Bacteria (prokaryotic) Archaea (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic) Domains: - Correct Ans-three distinct lineages of microbial cells Who is the scientist responsible for developing the 3- domain system? - Correct Ans-Carl Woese Why is this gene useful for developing a phylogenetic tree of life? - Correct Ans-Phylogenetic tree: depicts phylogeny (evolutionary history) of all cells •clearly shows three domains •Root is LUCA. •evolution along two paths to form Bacteria and Archaea •Archaea diverged to distinguish Eukarya. gene must be present in all organisms What is the marker gene used to develop the 3- domain system? - Correct Ans-rRNA (ribosomal RNA sequencing) Bacteria cell structure - Correct Ans-Usually single-celled • Majority have cell wall withpeptidoglycan • Most lack a membrane-boundnucleus • Ubiquitous and some live inextreme environments • Cyanobacteria producesignificant amounts of oxygen Arachea cell structure - Correct Ans-• Distinguished from Bacteriaby unique rRNA genesequences • Lack peptidoglycan in cellwalls • Have unique membrane lipids • Some have unusual metaboliccharacteristics • Many live in extremeenvironments What is the endosymbiont hypothesis? - Correct Ans-proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by other microbes. Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from endosymbiont. Be able to correctly write out a bacteria species name. - Correct Ans-For example, Escherichia coliMust be italicized. Spelled out completely the fist time. first part uppercase and second part lowercase. After the first reference, first part can be abreviated. (ie E. coli) Who was the first person to directly observe microorganisms (yeast, fungi) ? Robert Hooke What kind of organism was engulfed to become the endosymbiont? - Correct Ans-bacteria What kind of organism did the engulfing? - Correct Ans-ancient archaea Who was the first person to directly observe bacteria? - Correct Ans-Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (): - Correct Ans-first person to observe microorganisms accurately. first to describe bacteria (Figure 1.14) Robert Hooke (): - Correct Ans-published drawings of the fungus Mucor in his book, Micrographia, in 1665. first to describe microbes (Micrographia in 1665) illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.13) Louis Pasteur () - Correct Ans-chemist and microscopist •Swan-neck flask' experiments •placed nutrient solution in flasks •created flasks with long, curved necks •boiled the solutions •left flasks exposed to air Results: no growth of microorganisms discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers (Figure Results for Swan flask experiments by Louis Pasteur? - Correct Ans-no growth of microorganisms discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers (Figure Joseph Lister (): - Correct An