Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
Test Bank For a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
Children 9th Edition by Julia Rogers and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
Chapter 1-49
contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
from the cellular membrane.
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
MULTIPLE CHOICE injury?
a. Ribosome
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? b. Golgi complex
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Lysosomes
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
ANS: D
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
ANS: C within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
metabolic absorption. digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone
production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus 5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
d. Lysosome a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
ANS: C c. Increased retention of water
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most d. Breakdown of fat
of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. ANS: C
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
function as the intracellular digestive system. increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. Lysosomes a. G1
b. Peroxisomes b. S
c. Ribosomes c. G2
d. Endosome d. M
ANS: B ANS: B
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a
which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble
synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
cytoplasmic division. Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? 10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential.
a. Lipids What response by the professor is best?
b. Proteases a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
c. Proteins b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
d. Carbohydrates c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
ANS: C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for ANS: B
electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke
membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in
cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation. the relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A
hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering response.
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders 11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders direct physical contact?
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders a. Protein channel (gap junction)
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
ANS: B
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, ANS: B
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process. molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons
and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma involved in binding processes.
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins 12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some
d. Lipid bilayer distance away?
a. Paracrine
ANS: D
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D
, Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) Signal transduction involves incoming signals or instructions from extracellular chemical
hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel messengers (ligands) that are conveyed to the cell’s interior for execution. The other options
through tissues or the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by do not correctly describe how cells receive communication from the surrounding extracellular
those cells. In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly fluid.
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized. Paracrine signaling requires close membrane-to-
membrane contact. Paracrine signaling usually involves different cell types; however, cells DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
also may produce signals that they, themselves, respond to, which is called autocrine
signaling. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to 16. Which molecule provides the second messenger necessary for extracellular communication to
communicate with the cells they innervate. be activated?
a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
destroyed, or immobilized?
ANS: B
a. Paracrine
The two major second-messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++).
b. Autocrine
GTP, ATP, and GDP are not major second-messenger pathways. GTP and GDP are
c. Neurotransmitter
―middlemen‖ or intermediaries. Nutrients are transformed into energy in the form of ATP.
d. Hormone
ANS: A DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized. Autocrine signaling occurs when the target cells produce signals 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
that they themselves respond to. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the a. Oxidative phosphorylation
synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Hormones are released by one set b. Glycolysis
of cells and travel through tissues or the bloodstream to another set of cells where they c. Lactolysis
produce a response by those cells. d. Passive transport
ANS: B
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering Glycolysis provides energy to the cells when oxygen delivery is insufficient or delayed.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which energy produced from nutrients is
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
a. Lipids
transferred to ATP. Lactolysis is the breakdown of lactose. Passive transport is the movement
b. Ribosomes
of water and small, nonelectrically charge molecules across plasma membranes.
c. Amphipathic lipids
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
d. Receptors
ANS: D 18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process. a. Anaerobic glycolysis
b. Oxidative cellular metabolism
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering c. Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
ANS: C
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis
d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
provides energy to the cells when oxygen delivery is insufficient or delayed. Oxidative
cellular metabolism and tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation are not involved in transferring
ANS: D energy to ATP.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
19. Passive transport is best described with which statement?
, a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes.
b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported Osmosis is the movement of water ―down‖ a concentration gradient, that is, across a
c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower
d. Requiring energy generated by the cell water concentration. Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater
solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. Active transport requires a life,
ANS: A
biologic activity, and the expenditure of metabolic energy.
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma
membrane’s lipid bilayer. This process, called passive transport, naturally occurs through any DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
semipermeable barrier. It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion, all of
which depend on the laws of physics and do not require life. The other options do not 23. A student asks why osmolality is preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic
correctly describe passive transport. activity in the clinical assessment of individuals. What response by the professor is most
accurate?
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution.
b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes.
20. Which is the best example of active transport?
c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes rather than by water.
a. Movement across a membrane due to differences in solute concentration
d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma.
b. Movement requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy
c. Movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction ANS: C
d. Movement of two molecules simultaneously in opposite directions Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of water, or
the concentration of molecules per weight of water. Osmolarity is a measure of the number of
ANS: B
milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of
Active transport requires a life, biologic activity, and the expenditure of metabolic energy.
solution. Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of
Movement due simply to differences in concentration gradients is called passive transport.
water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water. Osmolarity is a measure of the
Movement of two molecules in the same direction is called symport, while moving two
number of milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per
molecules in opposite directions is called antiport.
volume of solution. In plasma, less of the plasma weight is water; therefore the overall
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering concentration of particles is greater. The osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity
because of the smaller proportion of water. Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of
21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of osmotic activity in clinical assessment of individuals.
specificity for the substance being transported?
a. Active DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Mediated
24. A patient who experiencing diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the
c. Transmembranous
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
d. Passive
a. Become hydrated
ANS: B b. Swell or burst
Mediated transport (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with c. Shrink
receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported. Active and d. Divide
passive transport are opposites with active transport requiring the use of energy and passive
ANS: C
transport relying on osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion and not energy.
A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An example
Transmembranous means ―across membranes.‖
of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells by a
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. An isotonic solution will cause the cells to
become more hydrated without disrupting the osmolality of either intracellular or extracellular
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid fluid. Hypotonic solutions can cause cells to swell or burst. No solutions lead to cell division.
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Osmosis
25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
c. Diffusion
a. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
b. Active diffusion
ANS: A c. Passive osmosis
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is
Test Bank For a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus
Children 9th Edition by Julia Rogers and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and
Chapter 1-49
contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off
from the cellular membrane.
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
MULTIPLE CHOICE injury?
a. Ribosome
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? b. Golgi complex
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Lysosomes
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
ANS: D
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes
ANS: C within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-
metabolic absorption. digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone
production and removing toxic substances from the cell.
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus 5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
d. Lysosome a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
ANS: C c. Increased retention of water
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most d. Breakdown of fat
of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its
activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. ANS: C
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
function as the intracellular digestive system. increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.
Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. Lysosomes a. G1
b. Peroxisomes b. S
c. Ribosomes c. G2
d. Endosome d. M
ANS: B ANS: B
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a
which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble
synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
cytoplasmic division. Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as
receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? 10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential.
a. Lipids What response by the professor is best?
b. Proteases a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
c. Proteins b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
d. Carbohydrates c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
ANS: C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for ANS: B
electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke
membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in another response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in
cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation. the relative refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A
hyperpolarized state means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering response.
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
therapy for which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders 11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders direct physical contact?
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders a. Protein channel (gap junction)
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
ANS: B
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, ANS: B
including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling
gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process. molecules that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect
receptor proteins inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering directly coordinate the activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons
and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma involved in binding processes.
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins 12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some
d. Lipid bilayer distance away?
a. Paracrine
ANS: D
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D
, Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) Signal transduction involves incoming signals or instructions from extracellular chemical
hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel messengers (ligands) that are conveyed to the cell’s interior for execution. The other options
through tissues or the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by do not correctly describe how cells receive communication from the surrounding extracellular
those cells. In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly fluid.
absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized. Paracrine signaling requires close membrane-to-
membrane contact. Paracrine signaling usually involves different cell types; however, cells DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
also may produce signals that they, themselves, respond to, which is called autocrine
signaling. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to 16. Which molecule provides the second messenger necessary for extracellular communication to
communicate with the cells they innervate. be activated?
a. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering b. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
c. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, d. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
destroyed, or immobilized?
ANS: B
a. Paracrine
The two major second-messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++).
b. Autocrine
GTP, ATP, and GDP are not major second-messenger pathways. GTP and GDP are
c. Neurotransmitter
―middlemen‖ or intermediaries. Nutrients are transformed into energy in the form of ATP.
d. Hormone
ANS: A DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up,
destroyed, or immobilized. Autocrine signaling occurs when the target cells produce signals 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?
that they themselves respond to. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the a. Oxidative phosphorylation
synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate. Hormones are released by one set b. Glycolysis
of cells and travel through tissues or the bloodstream to another set of cells where they c. Lactolysis
produce a response by those cells. d. Passive transport
ANS: B
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering Glycolysis provides energy to the cells when oxygen delivery is insufficient or delayed.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which energy produced from nutrients is
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
a. Lipids
transferred to ATP. Lactolysis is the breakdown of lactose. Passive transport is the movement
b. Ribosomes
of water and small, nonelectrically charge molecules across plasma membranes.
c. Amphipathic lipids
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
d. Receptors
ANS: D 18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process. a. Anaerobic glycolysis
b. Oxidative cellular metabolism
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering c. Oxidative phosphorylation
d. Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
ANS: C
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis
d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
provides energy to the cells when oxygen delivery is insufficient or delayed. Oxidative
cellular metabolism and tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation are not involved in transferring
ANS: D energy to ATP.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
19. Passive transport is best described with which statement?
, a. Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes.
b. Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported Osmosis is the movement of water ―down‖ a concentration gradient, that is, across a
c. Being capable of transporting macromolecules semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower
d. Requiring energy generated by the cell water concentration. Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater
solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. Active transport requires a life,
ANS: A
biologic activity, and the expenditure of metabolic energy.
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma
membrane’s lipid bilayer. This process, called passive transport, naturally occurs through any DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
semipermeable barrier. It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion, all of
which depend on the laws of physics and do not require life. The other options do not 23. A student asks why osmolality is preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic
correctly describe passive transport. activity in the clinical assessment of individuals. What response by the professor is most
accurate?
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering a. Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution.
b. Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes.
20. Which is the best example of active transport?
c. More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes rather than by water.
a. Movement across a membrane due to differences in solute concentration
d. Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma.
b. Movement requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy
c. Movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction ANS: C
d. Movement of two molecules simultaneously in opposite directions Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of water, or
the concentration of molecules per weight of water. Osmolarity is a measure of the number of
ANS: B
milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of
Active transport requires a life, biologic activity, and the expenditure of metabolic energy.
solution. Osmolality is a measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of
Movement due simply to differences in concentration gradients is called passive transport.
water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water. Osmolarity is a measure of the
Movement of two molecules in the same direction is called symport, while moving two
number of milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) of solution, or the concentration of molecules per
molecules in opposite directions is called antiport.
volume of solution. In plasma, less of the plasma weight is water; therefore the overall
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering concentration of particles is greater. The osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity
because of the smaller proportion of water. Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of
21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of osmotic activity in clinical assessment of individuals.
specificity for the substance being transported?
a. Active DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Mediated
24. A patient who experiencing diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the
c. Transmembranous
sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells?
d. Passive
a. Become hydrated
ANS: B b. Swell or burst
Mediated transport (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with c. Shrink
receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported. Active and d. Divide
passive transport are opposites with active transport requiring the use of energy and passive
ANS: C
transport relying on osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion and not energy.
A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An example
Transmembranous means ―across membranes.‖
of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells by a
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. An isotonic solution will cause the cells to
become more hydrated without disrupting the osmolality of either intracellular or extracellular
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid fluid. Hypotonic solutions can cause cells to swell or burst. No solutions lead to cell division.
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
b. Osmosis
25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process?
c. Diffusion
a. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Active transport
b. Active diffusion
ANS: A c. Passive osmosis
