Developmental Exam #2 – Questions
with verified answers
Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in
toddlerhood - -Toddlers' physical growth continues at a pace that is slightly
reduced from infancy but is nevertheless faster than at any later time of life.
- Explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth - -Toddlers
in developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies
that impede their physical and cognitive development.
- Describe the changes in brain development that take place during
toddlerhood - -The brain's synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood,
followed by many years of synaptic pruning.
- Identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity - -EEG
and fMRI
- Describe the advances in motor development that take place during
toddlerhood - -In their gross motor development, toddlers learn to walk, run,
climb, and kick a ball. Toddlers in traditional cultures are often restricted in
their movements to protect them from danger- especially cooking fires.
Advances in fine motor development including holding a cup and building a
tower of blocks. in their third year toddlers may be able to brush their teeth,
with some assistance.
- Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in
developed countries and traditional cultures - -Children vary widely in the
timing of learning toilet training, but most are toilet trained by the end of
toddlerhood. In traditional cultures, toddlers usually learn through observing
and imitating older children.
- Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in
toddlerhood - -When weaning takes place in the second or third year of life,
toddlers often resist. Customs in traditional cultures for promoting weaning
include sending the toddler to a relatives household for a while or coating
the mother's breast with an unpleasant substance.
- Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget's theory - -
According to Piaget, the ability for mental representations develops in the
second half of the second year and is the basis for important aspects of later
cognitive functioning, including problem solving and language. Object
permanence also reaches near-completion during this period. Deferred
imitation and categorization also require mental representation.
, - Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development and
contrast it with Piaget's theory - -Unlike Piaget and most other cognitive
theorists and researchers, Vygotsky emphasized the cultural basis of
cognitive development in childhood. He proposed concepts such as
scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to describe how children
obtain cultural knowledge from adults.
- Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of
language - -In humans the larynx is lower in the throat than it is in other
primates, making spoken language possible. Humans also have areas in the
brain specifically devoted to language functions. Anatomically the capacity
for language appears to have first developed in early hominids 2 million
years ago.
- Describe the milestones in language development that take place during
the toddler years - -At 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words,
usually in holophrases. By 24 months, most speak about 200 words and
combine some words in telegraphic speech. By their third birthdays, most
can easily use the language of their culture in full sentences.
- Identify how parents' stimulation of toddlers' language varies across
cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development -
-Cultures vary widely in how much they encourage toddlers' language
development, from stimulating language use through direct interactions, to
allowing toddlers to be present among conversing adults but otherwise not
speaking to them much, to actually discouraging them from talking.
Regardless of cultural practices, toddlers generally learn to use their
language well by the time they reach age 3.
- Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and
identify the impact of culture on these changes - -Sociomoral emotions
developing in toddlerhood include guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and
pride. They are called sociomoral emotions because they indicate that
toddlers have begun to learn the moral standards of their culture. Toddlers in
Western cultures have occasional tantrums, perhaps because they have a
more developed sense of intentionality than infants do and so are more likely
to protest when thwarted. However, tantrums are rare outside the West
where cultures place less emphasis on self expression.
- Describe the changes in self-development that take place during
toddlerhood - -The birth of the self in toddlerhood is indicated in the
development of self recognition and self reflection. Toddlers begin to use
personal pronouns such as "I" and "me" and to refer to themselves by name.
with verified answers
Describe the typical changes in physical growth that take place in
toddlerhood - -Toddlers' physical growth continues at a pace that is slightly
reduced from infancy but is nevertheless faster than at any later time of life.
- Explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth - -Toddlers
in developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies
that impede their physical and cognitive development.
- Describe the changes in brain development that take place during
toddlerhood - -The brain's synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood,
followed by many years of synaptic pruning.
- Identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity - -EEG
and fMRI
- Describe the advances in motor development that take place during
toddlerhood - -In their gross motor development, toddlers learn to walk, run,
climb, and kick a ball. Toddlers in traditional cultures are often restricted in
their movements to protect them from danger- especially cooking fires.
Advances in fine motor development including holding a cup and building a
tower of blocks. in their third year toddlers may be able to brush their teeth,
with some assistance.
- Compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in
developed countries and traditional cultures - -Children vary widely in the
timing of learning toilet training, but most are toilet trained by the end of
toddlerhood. In traditional cultures, toddlers usually learn through observing
and imitating older children.
- Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in
toddlerhood - -When weaning takes place in the second or third year of life,
toddlers often resist. Customs in traditional cultures for promoting weaning
include sending the toddler to a relatives household for a while or coating
the mother's breast with an unpleasant substance.
- Outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget's theory - -
According to Piaget, the ability for mental representations develops in the
second half of the second year and is the basis for important aspects of later
cognitive functioning, including problem solving and language. Object
permanence also reaches near-completion during this period. Deferred
imitation and categorization also require mental representation.
, - Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development and
contrast it with Piaget's theory - -Unlike Piaget and most other cognitive
theorists and researchers, Vygotsky emphasized the cultural basis of
cognitive development in childhood. He proposed concepts such as
scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to describe how children
obtain cultural knowledge from adults.
- Summarize the evidence for the biological and evolutionary bases of
language - -In humans the larynx is lower in the throat than it is in other
primates, making spoken language possible. Humans also have areas in the
brain specifically devoted to language functions. Anatomically the capacity
for language appears to have first developed in early hominids 2 million
years ago.
- Describe the milestones in language development that take place during
the toddler years - -At 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words,
usually in holophrases. By 24 months, most speak about 200 words and
combine some words in telegraphic speech. By their third birthdays, most
can easily use the language of their culture in full sentences.
- Identify how parents' stimulation of toddlers' language varies across
cultures and evaluate how these variations relate to language development -
-Cultures vary widely in how much they encourage toddlers' language
development, from stimulating language use through direct interactions, to
allowing toddlers to be present among conversing adults but otherwise not
speaking to them much, to actually discouraging them from talking.
Regardless of cultural practices, toddlers generally learn to use their
language well by the time they reach age 3.
- Describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and
identify the impact of culture on these changes - -Sociomoral emotions
developing in toddlerhood include guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and
pride. They are called sociomoral emotions because they indicate that
toddlers have begun to learn the moral standards of their culture. Toddlers in
Western cultures have occasional tantrums, perhaps because they have a
more developed sense of intentionality than infants do and so are more likely
to protest when thwarted. However, tantrums are rare outside the West
where cultures place less emphasis on self expression.
- Describe the changes in self-development that take place during
toddlerhood - -The birth of the self in toddlerhood is indicated in the
development of self recognition and self reflection. Toddlers begin to use
personal pronouns such as "I" and "me" and to refer to themselves by name.
