R.EEG.T Study Guide
The meninges, meaning membranes, are the outer coverings of these structures -
answer Brain, spinal cord, and proximal nerve roots
The three tissue layers enveloping the brain - answer1) Dura Mater-outermost layer,
strongest and thickest
2) Arachnoid Mater - thin membrane enclosers the subarachnoid space
3) Pia Mater - innermost layer, follows contour of cortex, composed of 2 layers highly
vascular and sheaths blood vessels as they enter brain
CSF filled pace between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Contains CSF bridging
veins that travel over the surface of the CNS. - answer Subarachnoid space
Where the primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) is located in the brain - answer In
the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. It is the cortical area from which movements are
most easily elicited and the source of about a third of the corticospinal tract
Where the motor speech are (Broca's area) is located in the brain - answer In the
inferior frontal gyrus in teh frontal lobe usually on the left side
Where the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the brain - answerIn the post
central gyrus of the parietal lobe
Where the receptive speech area is located in the brain - answerIn the suramarginal
and angular gyri of the parietal lobe, also includes adjoining regions of the temporal and
occipital lobes
What the corpus collosum interconnects - answerCommisure that connects the right
and left cerebral hemispheres
The brainstem is composed of these main structures - answerContains nuclei for most
of the cranial nerves and connects critical pathways in the brain and spinal cord to the
entire body. It is subdivided into the
1) Medulla
2) Pons
3) Midbrain
The central sulcus is the boundary between these two lobes - answerThe central sulcus
(fissure of Rolando) is the bondary between the frontal and parietal lobes, and the
transition zone between primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex
,The Basal Ganglia is composed of - answerA group of subcortical nuclei, most
prominently ibncluding the putamen, globus pallidus, and caudate nucleus
Where the primary visual cortex (Brodmann's are 17) is located - answerIn the calcarine
sulcus
This artery supplies blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries - answerThe
Internal Carotid Artery
This large vessel is formed by the union of the two verterbral arteries - answerThe
Basilar Artery
This larege artery is formed by the bifurcation of the common cartotid artery -
answerThe Internal Carotid Artery
These arteries account for most of the blood supply to the brain - answerThe two
internal carotids account for 85% of cerebral blood flow and thus supply most of the
blood to the brain
The middle cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
insula, most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, and the anterior tip of the
temporal lobe
The anterior cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
frontal lobes and medial aspect of the parietal and occipital lobes
The posterior cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
rostral midbrain, posterior thalamus, medial occipital lobe, and inferior and medial
surfaces of the temporal lobe
Where the vertebral artery enters the brain - answerThe vertebral artery originates at
the first branch of the subclavian, runs cranially through foramina in cervical vertebrae
C6, enters the base of the skull through the foramen magnum and ascends along the
medulla
These arteries constitute the Circle of Willis - answerThe Circle of Willis consists of
parts of the internal carotid artery, the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries,
interconnected by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries
Structure that makes collateral circulation to the brain possible due to a vascular
anastomosis at the base of the brain - answerThe Circle of Willis
The interventricular foramen is also known as this - answerAlso known as the Foramen
of Munro
, The aqueduct of sylvius (aka cerebral aqueduct) connects these two ventricles -
answerConnects the third and fourth ventricles
The opening between each lateral ventricle and third ventricle - answerForamen of
Munro (aka interventricular foramen)
CSF is mainly produced by this structure - answerBy the choroid plexus in the lateral,
third and fourth ventricles
These 2 openings allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space? - answerThe
foramina of Luschka, and the foramen of Magendie
Where absorption of CSF into the blood stream takes place - answerIn the superior
sagittal sinus through structures called arachnoid villi
Pathway for flow of CSF through the ventricular system - answerLateral Ventricles -
Interventricular foramen - Third Ventricle - Cerebral Aqueduct - Fourth Ventricle -
Lateral and Median Apertures - Subarachnoid Space - Arachnoid Villa - Subdural Sinus
- Venous Blood
The main function of CSF - answerMain function is to protect the brain and spinal cord
by acting as a shock absorber. It is contained in the 4 ventricles, the subarachnoid
space and the central canal of the spinal cord
Definition of hydrocephalus - answerHydrocephalus means "water on the brain" and
occurs when there is an increase in the volume of CSF. Due to the closed skull there is
no place for CSF to expand, if pressure becomes too high the brainstem is forced to try
to escape through the foramen magnum
The 2 types of hydrocephalus - answer1. Communicating Hydrocephalus = Non
obstructive, occurs with a defect in excretion through the subarachnoid space. Most
commonly from meningitis
2. Non-communicating Hydrocephalus = Obstructive = An obstacle prevents the flow of
CSF through the ventricles, i.e., tumor, infection or congenital malformation
Supporting cell found only in the ventricles responsible for creation and circulation of
CSF - answerEpendymal Cells
The main function of the temporal lobe - answerPrimary and association auditory,
primary and association olfaction, recent memory, and receptive speech
The main function of the occipital lobe - answerPredominantly visual functions
The main function of the frontal lobe - answerPrimary and association somatosensory
(body sensations) and receptive speech (dominant hemisphere), and the processing of
intellectual thought and cognitive functions
The meninges, meaning membranes, are the outer coverings of these structures -
answer Brain, spinal cord, and proximal nerve roots
The three tissue layers enveloping the brain - answer1) Dura Mater-outermost layer,
strongest and thickest
2) Arachnoid Mater - thin membrane enclosers the subarachnoid space
3) Pia Mater - innermost layer, follows contour of cortex, composed of 2 layers highly
vascular and sheaths blood vessels as they enter brain
CSF filled pace between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. Contains CSF bridging
veins that travel over the surface of the CNS. - answer Subarachnoid space
Where the primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) is located in the brain - answer In
the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. It is the cortical area from which movements are
most easily elicited and the source of about a third of the corticospinal tract
Where the motor speech are (Broca's area) is located in the brain - answer In the
inferior frontal gyrus in teh frontal lobe usually on the left side
Where the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the brain - answerIn the post
central gyrus of the parietal lobe
Where the receptive speech area is located in the brain - answerIn the suramarginal
and angular gyri of the parietal lobe, also includes adjoining regions of the temporal and
occipital lobes
What the corpus collosum interconnects - answerCommisure that connects the right
and left cerebral hemispheres
The brainstem is composed of these main structures - answerContains nuclei for most
of the cranial nerves and connects critical pathways in the brain and spinal cord to the
entire body. It is subdivided into the
1) Medulla
2) Pons
3) Midbrain
The central sulcus is the boundary between these two lobes - answerThe central sulcus
(fissure of Rolando) is the bondary between the frontal and parietal lobes, and the
transition zone between primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex
,The Basal Ganglia is composed of - answerA group of subcortical nuclei, most
prominently ibncluding the putamen, globus pallidus, and caudate nucleus
Where the primary visual cortex (Brodmann's are 17) is located - answerIn the calcarine
sulcus
This artery supplies blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries - answerThe
Internal Carotid Artery
This large vessel is formed by the union of the two verterbral arteries - answerThe
Basilar Artery
This larege artery is formed by the bifurcation of the common cartotid artery -
answerThe Internal Carotid Artery
These arteries account for most of the blood supply to the brain - answerThe two
internal carotids account for 85% of cerebral blood flow and thus supply most of the
blood to the brain
The middle cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
insula, most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, and the anterior tip of the
temporal lobe
The anterior cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
frontal lobes and medial aspect of the parietal and occipital lobes
The posterior cerebral artery supplies to these areas of the brain - answerIt supplies the
rostral midbrain, posterior thalamus, medial occipital lobe, and inferior and medial
surfaces of the temporal lobe
Where the vertebral artery enters the brain - answerThe vertebral artery originates at
the first branch of the subclavian, runs cranially through foramina in cervical vertebrae
C6, enters the base of the skull through the foramen magnum and ascends along the
medulla
These arteries constitute the Circle of Willis - answerThe Circle of Willis consists of
parts of the internal carotid artery, the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries,
interconnected by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries
Structure that makes collateral circulation to the brain possible due to a vascular
anastomosis at the base of the brain - answerThe Circle of Willis
The interventricular foramen is also known as this - answerAlso known as the Foramen
of Munro
, The aqueduct of sylvius (aka cerebral aqueduct) connects these two ventricles -
answerConnects the third and fourth ventricles
The opening between each lateral ventricle and third ventricle - answerForamen of
Munro (aka interventricular foramen)
CSF is mainly produced by this structure - answerBy the choroid plexus in the lateral,
third and fourth ventricles
These 2 openings allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space? - answerThe
foramina of Luschka, and the foramen of Magendie
Where absorption of CSF into the blood stream takes place - answerIn the superior
sagittal sinus through structures called arachnoid villi
Pathway for flow of CSF through the ventricular system - answerLateral Ventricles -
Interventricular foramen - Third Ventricle - Cerebral Aqueduct - Fourth Ventricle -
Lateral and Median Apertures - Subarachnoid Space - Arachnoid Villa - Subdural Sinus
- Venous Blood
The main function of CSF - answerMain function is to protect the brain and spinal cord
by acting as a shock absorber. It is contained in the 4 ventricles, the subarachnoid
space and the central canal of the spinal cord
Definition of hydrocephalus - answerHydrocephalus means "water on the brain" and
occurs when there is an increase in the volume of CSF. Due to the closed skull there is
no place for CSF to expand, if pressure becomes too high the brainstem is forced to try
to escape through the foramen magnum
The 2 types of hydrocephalus - answer1. Communicating Hydrocephalus = Non
obstructive, occurs with a defect in excretion through the subarachnoid space. Most
commonly from meningitis
2. Non-communicating Hydrocephalus = Obstructive = An obstacle prevents the flow of
CSF through the ventricles, i.e., tumor, infection or congenital malformation
Supporting cell found only in the ventricles responsible for creation and circulation of
CSF - answerEpendymal Cells
The main function of the temporal lobe - answerPrimary and association auditory,
primary and association olfaction, recent memory, and receptive speech
The main function of the occipital lobe - answerPredominantly visual functions
The main function of the frontal lobe - answerPrimary and association somatosensory
(body sensations) and receptive speech (dominant hemisphere), and the processing of
intellectual thought and cognitive functions
