NURBN2023 (ACTUAL 2025/2026) QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS
List and discuss 4 (four) main signs and symptoms of 'Gastric
Oesophageal Reflux Disease - ---Ans-----heartburn
-acid reflux
-bloating
-chest pain
List and discuss 4 (four) main causes and/or risk factors for a
'Gastric Oesophageal Reflux Disease' - ---Ans-----Obesity
-Alcohol
-Smoking
-Caffeine
Discuss potential complications from 'Gastric Oesophageal
Reflux Disease' - ---Ans-----Bleeding may occur
-Can be severely restrictive
-Barrett's Oesophagus
non-pharmacological treatment - gord - ---Ans-----Sleep
sitting at ~30 degrees (with pillows)
-Reduce food intake before bed
-Weight loss
-Reduce alcohol/caffeine intake
,inflammatory bowel disease - ---Ans----inflammation of the
colon and small intestine
Identify and describe the main characteristics of 'Inflammatory
Bowel Disease - ---Ans----diarrhea, rectal bleeding,
abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss
Crohn's disease - ---Ans----chronic inflammation of the
intestinal tract
ulcerative colitis - ---Ans----chronic inflammation of the
colon with presence of ulcers
Describe the pathophysiology of the main types of
'Inflammatory Bowel Disease', in particular between 'Crohn's
Disease' and 'Ulcerative Colitis - ---Ans----Crohn's disease
causes pain and swelling in the digestive tract. It can affect
any part from the mouth to the anus. It most commonly affects
the small intestine and upper part of the large intestine.
Ulcerative colitis causes swelling and sores (ulcers) in the
large intestine (colon and rectum).
Define Bowel Cancer - ---Ans----cancer that starts in the
large bowel (colon) and the back passage (rectum)
Colorectal Cancer - ---Ans----adenocarcinoma of the colon
or rectum, or both
,Pathophysiology of colorectal cancer - ---Ans----Colorectal
polyps are closely associated with the development of cancer,
arising from the mucosal epithelium. The larger the polyp, the
greater the risk of colorectal cancer
-------->Colorectal cancer starts in the glands of the mucosal
lining, forming an adenocarcinoma.
describe the link between colorectal cancer and polyps in the
bowel - ---Ans----most colorectal cancers start as a growth
on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These growths are
called polyps. Some types of polyps can change into cancer
over time
Explain why most colorectal cancers become metastatic
(spread to another site in the body) before being detected - ---
Ans----Cancer cells may break away from a tumor in the
colon or rectum and spread to other parts of the body through
the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
list methods of detection for 'Colorectal Cancers' - ---Ans----
colonoscopy or CT colonography.
Provide a brief explanation of the vomiting reflex - ---Ans----
Relaxation of gastric muscles followed by small intestinal
retrograde peristalsis; Ejection phase: Comprises of retching
and vomiting including expulsion of gastric content
list two (2) modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer - ---
Ans----Lack of regular physical activity.
, A diet low in fruit and vegetables
three (3) clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer - ---Ans-
----a persistent change in your bowel habits, including
diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your
stool.
-Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool.
-persistent abdominal discomfort
Describe a 'polyp' and how the development of polyps can
increase the risk of colon cancer - ---Ans----Depending on
their size and location in the colon, serrated polyps may
become cancerous
describe two (2) treatment options for colorectal cancer - ---
Ans-----chemotherapy, which can be used to slow the spread
of the disease and often temporarily shrink a cancerous
tumor.
-surgery
symptoms of stroke - ---Ans----Face
Arms
Speech
Time
risk factors for embolic and haemorrhagic stroke - ---Ans----
embolic stroke
VERIFIED ANSWERS
List and discuss 4 (four) main signs and symptoms of 'Gastric
Oesophageal Reflux Disease - ---Ans-----heartburn
-acid reflux
-bloating
-chest pain
List and discuss 4 (four) main causes and/or risk factors for a
'Gastric Oesophageal Reflux Disease' - ---Ans-----Obesity
-Alcohol
-Smoking
-Caffeine
Discuss potential complications from 'Gastric Oesophageal
Reflux Disease' - ---Ans-----Bleeding may occur
-Can be severely restrictive
-Barrett's Oesophagus
non-pharmacological treatment - gord - ---Ans-----Sleep
sitting at ~30 degrees (with pillows)
-Reduce food intake before bed
-Weight loss
-Reduce alcohol/caffeine intake
,inflammatory bowel disease - ---Ans----inflammation of the
colon and small intestine
Identify and describe the main characteristics of 'Inflammatory
Bowel Disease - ---Ans----diarrhea, rectal bleeding,
abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss
Crohn's disease - ---Ans----chronic inflammation of the
intestinal tract
ulcerative colitis - ---Ans----chronic inflammation of the
colon with presence of ulcers
Describe the pathophysiology of the main types of
'Inflammatory Bowel Disease', in particular between 'Crohn's
Disease' and 'Ulcerative Colitis - ---Ans----Crohn's disease
causes pain and swelling in the digestive tract. It can affect
any part from the mouth to the anus. It most commonly affects
the small intestine and upper part of the large intestine.
Ulcerative colitis causes swelling and sores (ulcers) in the
large intestine (colon and rectum).
Define Bowel Cancer - ---Ans----cancer that starts in the
large bowel (colon) and the back passage (rectum)
Colorectal Cancer - ---Ans----adenocarcinoma of the colon
or rectum, or both
,Pathophysiology of colorectal cancer - ---Ans----Colorectal
polyps are closely associated with the development of cancer,
arising from the mucosal epithelium. The larger the polyp, the
greater the risk of colorectal cancer
-------->Colorectal cancer starts in the glands of the mucosal
lining, forming an adenocarcinoma.
describe the link between colorectal cancer and polyps in the
bowel - ---Ans----most colorectal cancers start as a growth
on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These growths are
called polyps. Some types of polyps can change into cancer
over time
Explain why most colorectal cancers become metastatic
(spread to another site in the body) before being detected - ---
Ans----Cancer cells may break away from a tumor in the
colon or rectum and spread to other parts of the body through
the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
list methods of detection for 'Colorectal Cancers' - ---Ans----
colonoscopy or CT colonography.
Provide a brief explanation of the vomiting reflex - ---Ans----
Relaxation of gastric muscles followed by small intestinal
retrograde peristalsis; Ejection phase: Comprises of retching
and vomiting including expulsion of gastric content
list two (2) modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer - ---
Ans----Lack of regular physical activity.
, A diet low in fruit and vegetables
three (3) clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer - ---Ans-
----a persistent change in your bowel habits, including
diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your
stool.
-Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool.
-persistent abdominal discomfort
Describe a 'polyp' and how the development of polyps can
increase the risk of colon cancer - ---Ans----Depending on
their size and location in the colon, serrated polyps may
become cancerous
describe two (2) treatment options for colorectal cancer - ---
Ans-----chemotherapy, which can be used to slow the spread
of the disease and often temporarily shrink a cancerous
tumor.
-surgery
symptoms of stroke - ---Ans----Face
Arms
Speech
Time
risk factors for embolic and haemorrhagic stroke - ---Ans----
embolic stroke
