1
,INHOUD
Beschrijving opleidingsonderdeel ....................................................................................................... 12
ECTS fiche ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Waarom dit OLOD? ........................................................................................................................ 12
Henri Poincarré (1854‐1912) = wiskundige‐wetenschapsfilosoof ................................................... 12
Visie van de vub .......................................................................................................................... 12
Kritisch denken .................................................................................................................................. 12
De kritische mens? ......................................................................................................................... 13
Redenen waarom mensen niet kritisch zijn: .................................................................................. 13
Onze hersenen ............................................................................................................................... 13
Cognitieve bias ........................................................................................................................... 13
Patternicity ................................................................................................................................. 14
Kritische wetenschappers............................................................................................................... 14
Tools om kritisch te denken ............................................................................................................. 15
Wetenschappelijke interne cyclus ............................................................................................... 15
Wetenschappelijke Externe cyclus............................................................................................... 16
Open access of niet ........................................................................................................................ 16
Open access .............................................................................................................................. 16
Closed access ............................................................................................................................ 17
Impactfactoren .............................................................................................................................. 17
Voordelen................................................................................................................................... 17
Beperkingen ............................................................................................................................... 17
Uitdagingen in de wetenschap ............................................................................................................ 18
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek is .......................................................................................................... 19
Wat sociaal onderzoek ....................................................................................................................... 20
Wat? .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Context? ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Waarom? ....................................................................................................................................... 20
De context van sociaal onderzoek ....................................................................................................... 21
De elementen van een sociaal onderzoeksproject ............................................................................... 21
De rommelige aard van sociaal onderzoek .......................................................................................... 22
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Onderzoeksstrategieën en hun overwegingen ...................................................................................... 23
Sociaal agogisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 23
Relatie tussen theorie en onderzoek ................................................................................................... 23
Benaderingen ................................................................................................................................. 24
Types theorieën .............................................................................................................................. 24
2
, Theorie als inspiratiebron om onderzoek op te zetten ....................................................................... 25
Zonder theorie geen goed onderzoek? ............................................................................................. 25
Onderzoeksbenaderingen .................................................................................................................. 25
Deductieve onderzoeksbenadering ................................................................................................. 25
Inductieve onderzoeksbenadering ................................................................................................... 26
Theorieversterkend inductieproces .............................................................................................. 26
Inductie binnen deductieve onderzoeksbenadering ...................................................................... 27
Deductie binnen inductie ............................................................................................................ 27
Epistemologische kwesties ................................................................................................................ 27
Benaderingen van onderzoek op basis van kennis ............................................................................ 28
Positivisme (natuurwetenschappelijke benadering) ...................................................................... 28
Realisme .................................................................................................................................... 30
Interpretivisme ........................................................................................................................... 30
Phenomenology en Interpretative Phenomenology ....................................................................... 30
Symbolisch interactionisme ........................................................................................................ 30
Ontologie .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Objectivisme .................................................................................................................................. 31
Kritiek op objectivisme ................................................................................................................ 31
Constructionisme .......................................................................................................................... 32
Benaderingen van onderzoek op basis van methodologie ..................................................................... 33
Beïnvloedende factoren voor onderzoek.............................................................................................. 33
Beïnvloedende factoren voor onderzoek m.b.t. respondenten ....................................................... 33
Benaderingen Van Onderzoek Op Basis Van Praktische Haalbaarheid .................................................. 33
Wat is resaerch design? ..................................................................................................................... 34
Kwaliteitscriteria in wetenschappelijk onderzoek ................................................................................. 34
Kwaliteitscriteria bij kwalitatief vs kwantitatief onderzoek ................................................................. 35
Onderzoekdesigns ............................................................................................................................. 35
Experimenteel design ..................................................................................................................... 35
Zuiver experimenteel design = Randomized controlled trial (RCT) .................................................. 36
Quasi-experimenteel design ........................................................................................................ 38
Pre-experimenteel design ............................................................................................................ 38
Cross-sectioneel design ................................................................................................................. 39
Longitudinaal design ...................................................................................................................... 41
Enkelvoudige tijdreeks ................................................................................................................ 41
Meervoudige tijdreeks ................................................................................................................. 41
Evaluatie onderzoek als longitudinaal onderzoek .......................................................................... 41
Longitudinaal design= Meerdere momenten in de tijd .................................................................... 41
3
, Case study design .......................................................................................................................... 42
Comparative design ....................................................................................................................... 43
Keuze: binnen welk thema/gebied onderzoek doen .............................................................................. 44
Belangrijke aspecten m.b.t. onderzoek ............................................................................................... 44
Tijd ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Geld .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Onderzoeksvragen formuleren............................................................................................................ 45
Thema’s voor onderzoeksvragen ..................................................................................................... 45
Onderzoeksvragen formuleren ........................................................................................................ 46
Criteria mbt formuleren onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................... 46
Hulpmiddelen............................................................................................................................. 46
Een onderzoeksvraag is ............................................................................................................... 47
Proces en overwegingen bij het schrijven van een literatuuronderzoek .................................................. 48
Types literatuur .............................................................................................................................. 48
Literatuur als methode om richting te geven aan jouw onderzoeksvraag ............................................ 50
Trechtermodel ............................................................................................................................ 50
Hoe literatuur verwerken? ............................................................................................................... 50
Valkuilen .................................................................................................................................... 50
Literatuur doorzoeken .................................................................................................................... 51
Databronnen en databanken .............................................................................................................. 52
Randvoorwaarden.............................................................................................................................. 53
Evalueren van literatuur ..................................................................................................................... 54
Referentiepraktijken en plagiaat vermijden .......................................................................................... 54
Tips ............................................................................................................................................... 54
Literatuurstudie overzichtelijk maken ovv een stroomdiagram .......................................................... 55
Refereren ....................................................................................................................................... 55
Ethiek situeren in de tijd ..................................................................................................................... 56
Debat mbt ethiek ............................................................................................................................... 59
Universalisme ................................................................................................................................ 60
Situationele ethiek.......................................................................................................................... 60
Ethische basisprincipes ..................................................................................................................... 60
Geen schade aanbrengen aan proefpersonen/respondenten ............................................................ 60
Anonimiteit & Confidentialiteit ..................................................................................................... 61
Bijkomende ethische aspecten naar respondenten toe ................................................................. 62
Geïnformeerde beslissing om deel te nemen ................................................................................... 62
Spanningsvelden ........................................................................................................................ 62
Verdoken observatie ................................................................................................................... 63
4
,INHOUD
Beschrijving opleidingsonderdeel ....................................................................................................... 12
ECTS fiche ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Waarom dit OLOD? ........................................................................................................................ 12
Henri Poincarré (1854‐1912) = wiskundige‐wetenschapsfilosoof ................................................... 12
Visie van de vub .......................................................................................................................... 12
Kritisch denken .................................................................................................................................. 12
De kritische mens? ......................................................................................................................... 13
Redenen waarom mensen niet kritisch zijn: .................................................................................. 13
Onze hersenen ............................................................................................................................... 13
Cognitieve bias ........................................................................................................................... 13
Patternicity ................................................................................................................................. 14
Kritische wetenschappers............................................................................................................... 14
Tools om kritisch te denken ............................................................................................................. 15
Wetenschappelijke interne cyclus ............................................................................................... 15
Wetenschappelijke Externe cyclus............................................................................................... 16
Open access of niet ........................................................................................................................ 16
Open access .............................................................................................................................. 16
Closed access ............................................................................................................................ 17
Impactfactoren .............................................................................................................................. 17
Voordelen................................................................................................................................... 17
Beperkingen ............................................................................................................................... 17
Uitdagingen in de wetenschap ............................................................................................................ 18
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek is .......................................................................................................... 19
Wat sociaal onderzoek ....................................................................................................................... 20
Wat? .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Context? ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Waarom? ....................................................................................................................................... 20
De context van sociaal onderzoek ....................................................................................................... 21
De elementen van een sociaal onderzoeksproject ............................................................................... 21
De rommelige aard van sociaal onderzoek .......................................................................................... 22
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Onderzoeksstrategieën en hun overwegingen ...................................................................................... 23
Sociaal agogisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 23
Relatie tussen theorie en onderzoek ................................................................................................... 23
Benaderingen ................................................................................................................................. 24
Types theorieën .............................................................................................................................. 24
2
, Theorie als inspiratiebron om onderzoek op te zetten ....................................................................... 25
Zonder theorie geen goed onderzoek? ............................................................................................. 25
Onderzoeksbenaderingen .................................................................................................................. 25
Deductieve onderzoeksbenadering ................................................................................................. 25
Inductieve onderzoeksbenadering ................................................................................................... 26
Theorieversterkend inductieproces .............................................................................................. 26
Inductie binnen deductieve onderzoeksbenadering ...................................................................... 27
Deductie binnen inductie ............................................................................................................ 27
Epistemologische kwesties ................................................................................................................ 27
Benaderingen van onderzoek op basis van kennis ............................................................................ 28
Positivisme (natuurwetenschappelijke benadering) ...................................................................... 28
Realisme .................................................................................................................................... 30
Interpretivisme ........................................................................................................................... 30
Phenomenology en Interpretative Phenomenology ....................................................................... 30
Symbolisch interactionisme ........................................................................................................ 30
Ontologie .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Objectivisme .................................................................................................................................. 31
Kritiek op objectivisme ................................................................................................................ 31
Constructionisme .......................................................................................................................... 32
Benaderingen van onderzoek op basis van methodologie ..................................................................... 33
Beïnvloedende factoren voor onderzoek.............................................................................................. 33
Beïnvloedende factoren voor onderzoek m.b.t. respondenten ....................................................... 33
Benaderingen Van Onderzoek Op Basis Van Praktische Haalbaarheid .................................................. 33
Wat is resaerch design? ..................................................................................................................... 34
Kwaliteitscriteria in wetenschappelijk onderzoek ................................................................................. 34
Kwaliteitscriteria bij kwalitatief vs kwantitatief onderzoek ................................................................. 35
Onderzoekdesigns ............................................................................................................................. 35
Experimenteel design ..................................................................................................................... 35
Zuiver experimenteel design = Randomized controlled trial (RCT) .................................................. 36
Quasi-experimenteel design ........................................................................................................ 38
Pre-experimenteel design ............................................................................................................ 38
Cross-sectioneel design ................................................................................................................. 39
Longitudinaal design ...................................................................................................................... 41
Enkelvoudige tijdreeks ................................................................................................................ 41
Meervoudige tijdreeks ................................................................................................................. 41
Evaluatie onderzoek als longitudinaal onderzoek .......................................................................... 41
Longitudinaal design= Meerdere momenten in de tijd .................................................................... 41
3
, Case study design .......................................................................................................................... 42
Comparative design ....................................................................................................................... 43
Keuze: binnen welk thema/gebied onderzoek doen .............................................................................. 44
Belangrijke aspecten m.b.t. onderzoek ............................................................................................... 44
Tijd ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Geld .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Onderzoeksvragen formuleren............................................................................................................ 45
Thema’s voor onderzoeksvragen ..................................................................................................... 45
Onderzoeksvragen formuleren ........................................................................................................ 46
Criteria mbt formuleren onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................... 46
Hulpmiddelen............................................................................................................................. 46
Een onderzoeksvraag is ............................................................................................................... 47
Proces en overwegingen bij het schrijven van een literatuuronderzoek .................................................. 48
Types literatuur .............................................................................................................................. 48
Literatuur als methode om richting te geven aan jouw onderzoeksvraag ............................................ 50
Trechtermodel ............................................................................................................................ 50
Hoe literatuur verwerken? ............................................................................................................... 50
Valkuilen .................................................................................................................................... 50
Literatuur doorzoeken .................................................................................................................... 51
Databronnen en databanken .............................................................................................................. 52
Randvoorwaarden.............................................................................................................................. 53
Evalueren van literatuur ..................................................................................................................... 54
Referentiepraktijken en plagiaat vermijden .......................................................................................... 54
Tips ............................................................................................................................................... 54
Literatuurstudie overzichtelijk maken ovv een stroomdiagram .......................................................... 55
Refereren ....................................................................................................................................... 55
Ethiek situeren in de tijd ..................................................................................................................... 56
Debat mbt ethiek ............................................................................................................................... 59
Universalisme ................................................................................................................................ 60
Situationele ethiek.......................................................................................................................... 60
Ethische basisprincipes ..................................................................................................................... 60
Geen schade aanbrengen aan proefpersonen/respondenten ............................................................ 60
Anonimiteit & Confidentialiteit ..................................................................................................... 61
Bijkomende ethische aspecten naar respondenten toe ................................................................. 62
Geïnformeerde beslissing om deel te nemen ................................................................................... 62
Spanningsvelden ........................................................................................................................ 62
Verdoken observatie ................................................................................................................... 63
4
