NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER Book Definition: "Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease
through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the
mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the
term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? -
ANSWER Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter
physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a
particular disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn error of metabolism.
Which would be an expected finding? - ANSWER Metabolite accumulation in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? - ANSWER Cells dismantle
and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction, in a lower extremity
wound? - ANSWER Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - ANSWER of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and with increased mitotic
divisions indicates which of the following: - ANSWER dysplasia.
What term should you use when talking with professional colleagues to describe a change from
squamous to columnar epithelium in the esophageal lining due to chronic acid reflux? - ANSWER
Metaplasia
,NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
When a cell is injured from lack of oxygen - ANSWER it may recover if oxygen is restored before the
injury is irreversible.
Hyperplasia is beneficial because it: - ANSWER causes cells to become larger and stronger.
You are preparing a poster on cell aging for an educational poster day at your home health agency.
Which of the following terms should you use to explain the concept that most cells have a limited
number of divisions? - ANSWER Telomere
Billy, age 10, will have his cast removed from his broken arm later today. You explain to Billy that his arm
will probably look different when the cast is removed. It probably will be: - ANSWER smaller, due to
muscle atrophy from lack of use
Of the following situations, which one would be an example of a maladaptive cellular change? - ANSWER
44-year-old male with a 60 pack/year smoking history who was diagnosed with a histological grade-3
lung cancer
A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident.
Which factor has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells? - ANSWER A
reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment
The nurse is teaching new nursing assistants on the unit about the phenomenon of muscle hypertrophy.
Which client on the unit is most likely to experience muscle hypertrophy? A client with: - ANSWER
hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity intolerance
Which client is at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? - ANSWER 44-year-old non-compliant
female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications
Which student statement demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes of hypertrophy
and hyperplasia? - ANSWER "I know that cells, like neurons, have little capacity for hyperplastic growth"
,NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
A nurse in the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his
hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which phenomenon has
contributed to his tissue damage? - ANSWER Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia.
During a myocardial infarction (MI), a client with a 97% occlusion of the left descending artery develops
ventricular dysrhythmias due to the amount of ischemia occurring in the myocardium. While providing
education about MI's, which statement is most accurate to share with this client? - ANSWER Treatment
needs to be sought immediately so that the buildup of lactic acid is limited and cellular changes can be
reversed.
Which statement most accurately conveys an aspect of cell injury due to impaired calcium homeostasis?
- ANSWER Injured cells tend to accumulate calcium.
The nurse is caring for a client with arterial insufficiency of the left leg with gangrenous wounds on the
second and third toes. What characteristics of the wounds should the nurse evaluate as expected?
Select all that apply. - ANSWER A clear demarcation between the healthy and affected tissue
Diminished pulse strength
Atrophy to the affected toes
Darkened appearance of affected tissue
Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER Muscle mass increase with exercise
The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that
due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, the normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of
the trachea may transform into stratisfied squamous epithelial cells as a method of adaptation known
as: - ANSWER metaplasia
The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of the liver. Adaptation to the
reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells? - ANSWER
Compensatory hyperplasia
, NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast tissue will
reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which physiologic process? -
ANSWER Apoptosis
A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The
nurse states the finding is implicated as a precursor to cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab
report? - ANSWER Dysplasia
Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - ANSWER Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse providing care for the man
is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix is playing a role in his body's fight against the
underlying infectious process. Which teaching points should the nurse eliminate from client education? -
ANSWER "Inflammation helps your body to produce the right antibodies to fight the infection."
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen, reddened, painful leg
wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The
client's physician has ordered a complete blood count and white cell differential. Which blood
component would the physician most likely anticipate to be elevated? - ANSWER Neutrophils
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of inflammation? -
ANSWER Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move along blood vessel walls.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the inflammatory response? - ANSWER
Histamine
Which aspect of a client's site of inflammation would help the care provider rule out chronic
inflammation? - ANSWER Increased neutrophils
A 24-year-old woman presents with fever and painful, swollen cervical lymph noses. Her blood work
indicates neutrophilia with a shift to the left. She most likely has: - ANSWER A severe bacterial infection
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER Book Definition: "Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease
through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids. Physiology is the study of the
mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the
term refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy? -
ANSWER Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter
physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a
particular disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn error of metabolism.
Which would be an expected finding? - ANSWER Metabolite accumulation in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? - ANSWER Cells dismantle
and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction, in a lower extremity
wound? - ANSWER Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - ANSWER of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and with increased mitotic
divisions indicates which of the following: - ANSWER dysplasia.
What term should you use when talking with professional colleagues to describe a change from
squamous to columnar epithelium in the esophageal lining due to chronic acid reflux? - ANSWER
Metaplasia
,NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
When a cell is injured from lack of oxygen - ANSWER it may recover if oxygen is restored before the
injury is irreversible.
Hyperplasia is beneficial because it: - ANSWER causes cells to become larger and stronger.
You are preparing a poster on cell aging for an educational poster day at your home health agency.
Which of the following terms should you use to explain the concept that most cells have a limited
number of divisions? - ANSWER Telomere
Billy, age 10, will have his cast removed from his broken arm later today. You explain to Billy that his arm
will probably look different when the cast is removed. It probably will be: - ANSWER smaller, due to
muscle atrophy from lack of use
Of the following situations, which one would be an example of a maladaptive cellular change? - ANSWER
44-year-old male with a 60 pack/year smoking history who was diagnosed with a histological grade-3
lung cancer
A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident.
Which factor has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the client's muscle cells? - ANSWER A
reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment
The nurse is teaching new nursing assistants on the unit about the phenomenon of muscle hypertrophy.
Which client on the unit is most likely to experience muscle hypertrophy? A client with: - ANSWER
hypertension, obesity, and decreased activity intolerance
Which client is at high risk for developing dilated cardiomyopathy? - ANSWER 44-year-old non-compliant
female who forgets to take her hypertensive medications
Which student statement demonstrates a sound understanding of the cellular processes of hypertrophy
and hyperplasia? - ANSWER "I know that cells, like neurons, have little capacity for hyperplastic growth"
,NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
A nurse in the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his
hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which phenomenon has
contributed to his tissue damage? - ANSWER Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia.
During a myocardial infarction (MI), a client with a 97% occlusion of the left descending artery develops
ventricular dysrhythmias due to the amount of ischemia occurring in the myocardium. While providing
education about MI's, which statement is most accurate to share with this client? - ANSWER Treatment
needs to be sought immediately so that the buildup of lactic acid is limited and cellular changes can be
reversed.
Which statement most accurately conveys an aspect of cell injury due to impaired calcium homeostasis?
- ANSWER Injured cells tend to accumulate calcium.
The nurse is caring for a client with arterial insufficiency of the left leg with gangrenous wounds on the
second and third toes. What characteristics of the wounds should the nurse evaluate as expected?
Select all that apply. - ANSWER A clear demarcation between the healthy and affected tissue
Diminished pulse strength
Atrophy to the affected toes
Darkened appearance of affected tissue
Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy? - ANSWER Muscle mass increase with exercise
The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that
due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, the normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of
the trachea may transform into stratisfied squamous epithelial cells as a method of adaptation known
as: - ANSWER metaplasia
The client is found to have liver disease, resulting in the removal of a lobe of the liver. Adaptation to the
reduced size of the liver leads to which phenomenon in the remaining liver cells? - ANSWER
Compensatory hyperplasia
, NURS 232 Pathophysiology Midterm Exam
214 complete solutions Graded A+.
The obstetric nurse explains to the client that when she stops breast feeding, her breast tissue will
reduce in size. The nurse understands that this regression is due to which physiologic process? -
ANSWER Apoptosis
A client's lab report returns and a nurse is explaining to the client the significance of the changes. The
nurse states the finding is implicated as a precursor to cancer. Which finding was most likely on the lab
report? - ANSWER Dysplasia
Which condition is an example of physiologic hyperplasia? - ANSWER Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
A 23-year-old man has received a recent diagnosis of appendicitis. The nurse providing care for the man
is explaining that the inflammation of his appendix is playing a role in his body's fight against the
underlying infectious process. Which teaching points should the nurse eliminate from client education? -
ANSWER "Inflammation helps your body to produce the right antibodies to fight the infection."
A client presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen, reddened, painful leg
wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The
client's physician has ordered a complete blood count and white cell differential. Which blood
component would the physician most likely anticipate to be elevated? - ANSWER Neutrophils
Which phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of inflammation? -
ANSWER Existing leukocytes stick to the epithelial cells and move along blood vessel walls.
A deficiency in which of these would result in an inhibition of the inflammatory response? - ANSWER
Histamine
Which aspect of a client's site of inflammation would help the care provider rule out chronic
inflammation? - ANSWER Increased neutrophils
A 24-year-old woman presents with fever and painful, swollen cervical lymph noses. Her blood work
indicates neutrophilia with a shift to the left. She most likely has: - ANSWER A severe bacterial infection
