DEP 2004 Final Exam 2025

Continuity (lifespan) - Correct Ans-development is continuous and gradual multi-directionality (ls) - Correct Ans-development never stops but it has lots of losses and gains over time (ex. as an infant you are able to hear 140 speech sounds but you lose some over time) multi-disciplinary (ls) - Correct Ans-development occurs in different domains (bio, psych, social) and is dependent on other areas biopsychosocial approach (ls) - Correct Ans-development is dependent on biological, cognitive, and environmental factors nature vs nurture - Correct Ans-nature: you are born the way u are nurture: the environment raises who u are maturational theory (bio) - Correct Ans-based on genetics ethology - Correct Ans-the study of animal behavior instinctual behavior - Correct Ans-behavior that is not learned, you have from birth critical period - Correct Ans-a time shortly after birth where something must occur for normal development (ex. Lorenzo's geese study with imprinting) Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Correct Ans-Based on individuals' interacting and learning about their world,, humans are social creatures that require interacting and learning to develop 8 stages of Erikson's theory - Correct Ans-1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair empiricism (learning) - Correct Ans-we start as a blank state and we are products of our experience, nurture view Behaviorism (learning theory) - Correct Ans-behaviors are learned through observation (bandura) classical conditioning - Correct Ans-Pavlov, a process where responses are linked to stimuli operant conditioning - Correct Ans-a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punishment (Skinner) Piaget's Theory - Correct Ans-Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. Piaget's Stages - Correct Ans-1. sensorimotor (senses and motor abilities, object permanence) 2. preoperational (imagination, language) 3. concrete operational (based on what they can see) 4. formal operational (abstract concepts) Piaget and schemas - Correct Ans-1. schema- stereotype/idea of world 2. assimilation- expectations from schema 3. accommodation- change schema 4. equilibration- throw out schema entirely experimental methods - Correct Ans-methods that have cause and effect, have IV and DV, and internal validity longitudinal study - Correct Ans-a study that observes the same participants over a long amount of time. it minimizes group differences and is expensive. cross-sectional study - Correct Ans-observing various groups over a short period of time. it is cheap but has large group differences. cohort effect - Correct Ans-the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period cross-sequential design - Correct Ans-research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years naturalistic observation - Correct Ans-no inference, just observing participant observation - Correct Ans-a confederate interacts with participants without them knowing correlational analysis - Correct Ans-correlation does not equal causation, not controlling other factors bc it's natural genotype - Correct Ans-genetic makeup of an organism phenotype - Correct Ans-physical characteristics of an organism down syndrome (trisomy 21) - Correct Ans-a third copy of the 21st xsome Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) - Correct Ans-feminized male XYY syndrome - Correct Ans-masculinized male, learning disablities fragile x syndrome - Correct Ans-more males than females, increased rate of ADHD turner syndrome (X) - Correct Ans-incomplete/delayed puberty epigenetics - Correct Ans-the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change (gene and environment interactions) passive epigenetics - Correct Ans-genes for extroverted kid means parents are extroverted evocative epigenetics - Correct Ans-child plays active role in environment where being an extrovert is positively reinforced active (niche-picking) epigenetics - Correct Ans-find where we fit in twin studies (monozygotic vs dizygotic) - Correct Ans-both have similar characteristics, however monozygotic are closer. adoption studies - Correct Ans-if the kid is similar to biological parents, its based on genetics. if he's similar to adoptive parents, its environmental germinal period - Correct Ans-first two weeks of pregnancy, zygote embeds in endometrium, cell differentiation, blastocyst blastocyst - Correct Ans-embryonic disk and trophoblast embryonic stage - Correct Ans-3-8 weeks, stem cells, neural tube (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm), organs and body systems, high sensitivity to teratogens cephalocaudal principle - Correct Ans-body forms from head to tail (neuromigration) 4th week of embryonic development - Correct Ans-neural tube closes, spina bifida, neurogenesis, limbs 5th week of embryonic development - Correct Ans-nervous system, brain activity, reflex movements fetal stage - Correct Ans-9-38 weeks, growth of systems, age of viability=22 weeks teratogens - Correct Ans-agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm examples of teratogens - Correct Ans-drugs, alcohol, environment, neural tube defects birth!! - Correct Ans-mother has increased oxytocin, lactation reflex, uterine contractions labor stages - Correct Ans-1. uterine contractions (12-14hrs, cervix dilation to 10cm) 2. pushing (crowning) 3. afterbirth apgar scale - Correct Ans-5 vital signs scored up to 2 points, total score is 10. 1. activity 2. pulse 3. grimace (crying) 4. appearance (color) 5. respiration anoxia - Correct Ans-oxygen deprivation, fetal distress consequences of birth complications - Correct Ans-delays in intellect, motor, and physical domains/death, cerebral palsy, epilepsy c sections - Correct Ans-high risk and invasive, risk of invasion, long recovery, helps survival rates growth rate of kids - Correct Ans-inch per month in first year, triples in weight in first year, genes play a strong role in height mechanisms of growth: hormones - Correct Ans-1. pituitary secretes HGH 2. liver secretes somatomedin causing bone growth 3. thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, causing neuronal development 4. increases metabolic rate and stimulates endocrine system mechanisms of growth: nutrition - Correct Ans-breastfeeding, 3 month old needs 600 calories a day how many neurons are we born with? - Correct Ans-all of them (100 billion) Hebb's law - Correct Ans-neurons that fire together, wire together; use it or lose it synaptogenesis - Correct Ans-formation of synapses bc of experiences motor skills after birth - Correct Ans-theres no real motor control, all are involuntary walking steps - Correct Ans-1. crawling (7m) 2. stand with help (8m) 3. stand while holding onto something (9m) 4. stand alone (10m) 5. walking (12m) reaching - Correct Ans-requires direction and distance perception. when first born, they aren't as accurate, after 4 months accuracy improves w distance what senses are well developed at birth? - Correct Ans-touch, taste, smell hearing in infants - Correct Ans-moderately developed, fetus can hear sounds around 7-8months, can hear ok but cortical connections need to be formed testing hearing in infants - Correct Ans-auditory brainstem response otoacoustic emissions auditory brainstem response - Correct Ans-electrodes detect activity of auditory nerve in response to sounds otoacoustic emissions - Correct Ans-probe in outer ear detects echo into inner ear vision in infants - Correct Ans-least developed at birth, poor acuity development of infant's vision - Correct Ans-1. 20/400 at 1 month 2. 20/100 at 6 months 3. 20/40 at 12 months 4. 20/20 at 36 months sensorimotor stage - Correct Ans-1. gravity 2. solidity 3. containment 4. object permanence true or false: infants have explicit memory - Correct Ans-false, they have implicit behaviorist approach to language accquistion - Correct Ans-mimic sounds cognitive approach to language accquisition - Correct Ans-A language acquisition theory that states that child acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language bootstrapping - Correct Ans-hearing language mixed with new thinking skills means able to learn syntax nativist approach to language accquisition - Correct Ans-kids learn language and grammar no matter what, grammar is u