SEM580 Finals Test Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+
Research - highest level of evidence - Answers Randomized Controlled Trials - Research designed as a
clinical trial with prospective data collection and randomization of patients.
Expert opinion - Answers recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that
are sometimes the basis of a group's decision-making process
Functions of the skin - Answers Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D
synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion, and Absorption.
Epidermis layers - Answers stratum corneum (outer), stratum lucidum (feet and hands), stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (innermost)
Renewal of Epidermis - Answers Every 26-42 Days, stem cells from basale evolve to keratinocytes and
mature and migrate upward to corneum with differentiation
Cells of the Epidermis - Answers Keratinocytes - keratin, 80% of epidermis
Melanocytes - color of skin
Langerhans cells - assist in immunity
Merkel cells - tactile reception
Rete Pegs (ridges) - Answers Fingerlike extensions that anchor epidermis to dermis
Epidermis acidic barrier - Answers pH 4.5 - 6.5, protects against bacteria and environmental pollutants,
regulates the skin's oil and TEWL. The highest pH values are observed in the most hydrated areas, such
as skin folds.
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) - Answers Water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface.
When the skin is damaged, increased TEWL occurs, and results in excess water loss/dehydration of
tissues
Dermis - Answers Second and thickest layer of skin. It provides strength, elasticity and nourishment to
the epidermis.
Dermal proteins - Answers Collagen (Type 1 and Type 3) - tensile strength
Elastin - Coil shape to provide stretch & return to its original shape, not replaced with wound healing
thus scar is "stiff"
Fibroblasts - Answers Produce collagen and ground substance of extracellular matrix
Epidermal appendages - Answers Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails. Helps with
epithelialization. If lost, epithelialization only occurs at edges.
, Hypodermis - Answers Also called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of fat located under the dermis of
the skin. It cushions, insulates and adds to mobility of the skin over underlying structures.
Muscle layer - Answers The muscle layer has a higher metabolic rate than either the skin or hypodermis
tissue. Muscle is the layer most vulnerable to pressure over a bony prominence (pressure injuries)
Neonate skin characteristics - Answers Increased permeability of the skin, Increased risk of skin tears
due to decreased cohesion of the epidermal/dermal layers, Increased risk of pressure injury on the back
of the head
Older adults skin changes - Answers Renewal of epidermal skin layer decreases with age (increase
turnover time), epidermal thinning, dermal layer has decreased function, dry skin has decreased sensory
function
MASD - Answers Moisture associated skin damage. Inflammation and erosion of the skin caused by
prolonged exposure to various sources of moisture. Risk factors are chemical irritants, pH extremes,
mechanical factors, microorganisms and host immunity.
Types of MASD - Answers Intertriginous - Moisture trapped in skin folds
Peristomal - Urine, Stool, Chemical Irritants with pH extremes
Periwound - Varied Wound Exudates, Chemical Irritants or pH extremes
Incontinence associated dermatitis - Urine, Stool or Both
ITD risk factors - Answers Obesity, Poor hygiene, Trapped moisture or prolonged exposure, Deep skin
folds, Diabetes
ITD Mechanism - Answers ↑ Perspiration & sebum production leads to ↑ TEWL leading to ↑ pH and ↑
Risk for secondary fungal or bacterial infection
ITD management - Answers Control moisture within the skin fold
Apply breathable skin barrier cream
Dust intertriginous skin with absorbent skin barrier powder
Separate skin folds, apply liquid barrier film and allow to dry
Place textile product within skin fold (Interdry)
Peristomal MASD risk factors - Answers Pouching System
BMI > 30
Age Extremes
Research - highest level of evidence - Answers Randomized Controlled Trials - Research designed as a
clinical trial with prospective data collection and randomization of patients.
Expert opinion - Answers recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that
are sometimes the basis of a group's decision-making process
Functions of the skin - Answers Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D
synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion, and Absorption.
Epidermis layers - Answers stratum corneum (outer), stratum lucidum (feet and hands), stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale (innermost)
Renewal of Epidermis - Answers Every 26-42 Days, stem cells from basale evolve to keratinocytes and
mature and migrate upward to corneum with differentiation
Cells of the Epidermis - Answers Keratinocytes - keratin, 80% of epidermis
Melanocytes - color of skin
Langerhans cells - assist in immunity
Merkel cells - tactile reception
Rete Pegs (ridges) - Answers Fingerlike extensions that anchor epidermis to dermis
Epidermis acidic barrier - Answers pH 4.5 - 6.5, protects against bacteria and environmental pollutants,
regulates the skin's oil and TEWL. The highest pH values are observed in the most hydrated areas, such
as skin folds.
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) - Answers Water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface.
When the skin is damaged, increased TEWL occurs, and results in excess water loss/dehydration of
tissues
Dermis - Answers Second and thickest layer of skin. It provides strength, elasticity and nourishment to
the epidermis.
Dermal proteins - Answers Collagen (Type 1 and Type 3) - tensile strength
Elastin - Coil shape to provide stretch & return to its original shape, not replaced with wound healing
thus scar is "stiff"
Fibroblasts - Answers Produce collagen and ground substance of extracellular matrix
Epidermal appendages - Answers Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails. Helps with
epithelialization. If lost, epithelialization only occurs at edges.
, Hypodermis - Answers Also called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of fat located under the dermis of
the skin. It cushions, insulates and adds to mobility of the skin over underlying structures.
Muscle layer - Answers The muscle layer has a higher metabolic rate than either the skin or hypodermis
tissue. Muscle is the layer most vulnerable to pressure over a bony prominence (pressure injuries)
Neonate skin characteristics - Answers Increased permeability of the skin, Increased risk of skin tears
due to decreased cohesion of the epidermal/dermal layers, Increased risk of pressure injury on the back
of the head
Older adults skin changes - Answers Renewal of epidermal skin layer decreases with age (increase
turnover time), epidermal thinning, dermal layer has decreased function, dry skin has decreased sensory
function
MASD - Answers Moisture associated skin damage. Inflammation and erosion of the skin caused by
prolonged exposure to various sources of moisture. Risk factors are chemical irritants, pH extremes,
mechanical factors, microorganisms and host immunity.
Types of MASD - Answers Intertriginous - Moisture trapped in skin folds
Peristomal - Urine, Stool, Chemical Irritants with pH extremes
Periwound - Varied Wound Exudates, Chemical Irritants or pH extremes
Incontinence associated dermatitis - Urine, Stool or Both
ITD risk factors - Answers Obesity, Poor hygiene, Trapped moisture or prolonged exposure, Deep skin
folds, Diabetes
ITD Mechanism - Answers ↑ Perspiration & sebum production leads to ↑ TEWL leading to ↑ pH and ↑
Risk for secondary fungal or bacterial infection
ITD management - Answers Control moisture within the skin fold
Apply breathable skin barrier cream
Dust intertriginous skin with absorbent skin barrier powder
Separate skin folds, apply liquid barrier film and allow to dry
Place textile product within skin fold (Interdry)
Peristomal MASD risk factors - Answers Pouching System
BMI > 30
Age Extremes
