NAVLE EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACC b b b b b
URATE SOLUTIONS b
A 1 year-
b b
old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the past week.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to over
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
reach in all four limbs when ambulating.
b b b b b b
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in the ho
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
rse? b
A - Tetanus
b b
B - Botulism
b b
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
b b b b
D - Lead toxicity
b b b
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - Precise Answer ✔✔...
b b b b b b b
A 1-
b
year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a car. Init
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be otherwise st
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
able. A right mid-
b b b
shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been identified. Routine pre-
b b b b b b b b b
operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal bleeding test (BMBT) is el
b b b b b b b b b b b b
evated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to surgery?
b b b b b b b b b b
Whole blood transfusion b b
Vitamin K b
,Desmopressin acetate b
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol -
b b
bPrecise Answer ✔✔The correct answer is desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Adminis
b b b b b b b b b
tration of desmopressin results in release of von Willebrand factor, which will help th
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
is patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed and elevated BMBT there is a very stro
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ng likelihood she is afflicted with von Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this result
b b b b b b b b b b b b
s in an inability to form a clot. This can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surger
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
y. b
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von Willebrand fa
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ctor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be controlled despite appro
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
priate pre- b
operative measures. 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D whic
b b b b b b b b b b b
h aids intestinal resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 1
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
0 and therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
b b b b b b b
A 10- b
year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise intoleranc
b b b b b b b b b b b b
e and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9 body conditio
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
n score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds. Lun
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
g sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted on inspiration. Laryngeal
b b b b b b b b b b b b
paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam has been recommended. The ow
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ner agrees to routine blood work, chest radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. W
b b b b b b b b b b b b
hich of the following medications will help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Propofol
Dopamine
Ketamine
Doxapram
Diphenhydramine - b
bPrecise Answer ✔✔Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has effects on respi
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the reflex activation of car
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
otid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used in critical care patients duri
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
,ng resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out of favor since doxapram results i
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
n increased work associated with respiration without an increased amount of arterial
b b b b b b b b b b b b
oxygenation. When performing a laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just d
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
eep enough so you can perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiop
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ental or propofol are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false di
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
agnosis of laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapr
b b b b b b b b b b b
am to help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
b b b b b b b b b b
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as over
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
all muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does not stimul
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ate respiration.b b
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-
b b b b b b b b b b b
1 receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood pressure
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
. b
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively inhi b b b b b b b b b b
bits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has sedative
b b b b b b b b b b b b
and anti-tussive effects.
b b b b
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension, brady
b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardia, and apnea. b b
A 10- b
year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood smear sho
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ws Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in color. Which o
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
f the following is responsible for causing these changes in the blood of this cat?
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Chocolate toxicity b
Lily ingestion b
Aspirin administration b
, Acetaminophen administration b
Rodenticide toxicity - Precise Answer ✔✔Explanation - b b b b b b
bThe correct answer is acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemog
b b b b b b b b b b b
lobinemia, which is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are
b b b b b b b b b b b b
busually present in animals with methemoglobinemia. Acetaminophen causes oxidati
b b b b b b b b
ve damage to cat blood due to the cat's inability to metabolize the drug efficiently.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
A 13- b
year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia, weight loss, and v
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
omiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless, more active, and more aggress
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ive than before. Which test would diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Liver panel b
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy b b
Abdominal ultrasound b
Renal panel and urinalysis b b b
Serum T4 - Precise Answer ✔✔Serum T4b b b b b b
Explanation - b
bThe correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, we
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ight loss, and hyperactivity are classical clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Other signs might include a dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression
b b b b b b b b b b b
. Lethargy, anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition apath
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
etic hypothyroidism.b
A 2 year old male castrated Boxer presents for exercise intolerance and syncopal epis
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
odes. Cardiac auscultation reveals a 4/6 left systolic murmur heard best at the base of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the heart. Thoracic radiographs show a mildly enlarged left ventricle and left atrium,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and segmental enlargement of the ascending aorta. What is the most likely diagnosis?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Boxer cardiomyopathy b
URATE SOLUTIONS b
A 1 year-
b b
old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the past week.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to over
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
reach in all four limbs when ambulating.
b b b b b b
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in the ho
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
rse? b
A - Tetanus
b b
B - Botulism
b b
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
b b b b
D - Lead toxicity
b b b
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - Precise Answer ✔✔...
b b b b b b b
A 1-
b
year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a car. Init
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be otherwise st
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
able. A right mid-
b b b
shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been identified. Routine pre-
b b b b b b b b b
operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal bleeding test (BMBT) is el
b b b b b b b b b b b b
evated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to surgery?
b b b b b b b b b b
Whole blood transfusion b b
Vitamin K b
,Desmopressin acetate b
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol -
b b
bPrecise Answer ✔✔The correct answer is desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Adminis
b b b b b b b b b
tration of desmopressin results in release of von Willebrand factor, which will help th
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
is patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed and elevated BMBT there is a very stro
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ng likelihood she is afflicted with von Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this result
b b b b b b b b b b b b
s in an inability to form a clot. This can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surger
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
y. b
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von Willebrand fa
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ctor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be controlled despite appro
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
priate pre- b
operative measures. 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D whic
b b b b b b b b b b b
h aids intestinal resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 1
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
0 and therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
b b b b b b b
A 10- b
year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise intoleranc
b b b b b b b b b b b b
e and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9 body conditio
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
n score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds. Lun
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
g sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted on inspiration. Laryngeal
b b b b b b b b b b b b
paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam has been recommended. The ow
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ner agrees to routine blood work, chest radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. W
b b b b b b b b b b b b
hich of the following medications will help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Propofol
Dopamine
Ketamine
Doxapram
Diphenhydramine - b
bPrecise Answer ✔✔Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has effects on respi
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the reflex activation of car
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
otid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used in critical care patients duri
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
,ng resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out of favor since doxapram results i
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
n increased work associated with respiration without an increased amount of arterial
b b b b b b b b b b b b
oxygenation. When performing a laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just d
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
eep enough so you can perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiop
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ental or propofol are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false di
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
agnosis of laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapr
b b b b b b b b b b b
am to help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
b b b b b b b b b b
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as over
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
all muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does not stimul
b b b b b b b b b b b b
ate respiration.b b
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-
b b b b b b b b b b b
1 receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood pressure
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
. b
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively inhi b b b b b b b b b b
bits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has sedative
b b b b b b b b b b b b
and anti-tussive effects.
b b b b
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension, brady
b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardia, and apnea. b b
A 10- b
year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood smear sho
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ws Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in color. Which o
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
f the following is responsible for causing these changes in the blood of this cat?
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Chocolate toxicity b
Lily ingestion b
Aspirin administration b
, Acetaminophen administration b
Rodenticide toxicity - Precise Answer ✔✔Explanation - b b b b b b
bThe correct answer is acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemog
b b b b b b b b b b b
lobinemia, which is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are
b b b b b b b b b b b b
busually present in animals with methemoglobinemia. Acetaminophen causes oxidati
b b b b b b b b
ve damage to cat blood due to the cat's inability to metabolize the drug efficiently.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
A 13- b
year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia, weight loss, and v
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
omiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless, more active, and more aggress
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ive than before. Which test would diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Liver panel b
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy b b
Abdominal ultrasound b
Renal panel and urinalysis b b b
Serum T4 - Precise Answer ✔✔Serum T4b b b b b b
Explanation - b
bThe correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, we
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ight loss, and hyperactivity are classical clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Other signs might include a dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression
b b b b b b b b b b b
. Lethargy, anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition apath
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
etic hypothyroidism.b
A 2 year old male castrated Boxer presents for exercise intolerance and syncopal epis
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
odes. Cardiac auscultation reveals a 4/6 left systolic murmur heard best at the base of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the heart. Thoracic radiographs show a mildly enlarged left ventricle and left atrium,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and segmental enlargement of the ascending aorta. What is the most likely diagnosis?
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Boxer cardiomyopathy b
