NAVLE Prep n
1. What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn cattle?: Cornual
n n n n n n n n n n n
2. What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn goats?: cornual nerve a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nd infratrochlear nerve
n n
3. Several rabbits in a commercial meat operation have developed genital s
n n n n n n n n n n
cabs, perineal ulcerations a crusty exudate around the nose and eyes. Mi
n n n n n n n n n n n
crohemaglutination tests are positive for treponematosis. n n n n n
Which one of the following steps is most effective to treat this problem?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
A - Amprolium-medicated feed for whole herd, 2 weeks; Increase ventilation
n n n n n n n n n n
B - Clindamycin PO for exposed rabbits, 8 days; Cull affected animals
n n n n n n n n n n n
C - Amipcillin PO for affected rabbits, 10-14 days
n n n n n n n n
D - Isolate affected animals, Lincomycin in water 2-3 weeks
n n n n n n n n n
E - Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days: Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
4. Two bucket- n
fed veal calves are depressed and stunted and have sticky feces coating their
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nhindquarters. Fluid- n
splashing sounds are audible during auscultation over the left flank when a c
n n n n n n n n n n n n
alf is drinking.
n n
Passage of a stomach tube obtains a rancid- n n n n n n n
smelling liquid with a pH of 5.2 [N=5.9-6.2]n n n n n n n
Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate treatment?
n n n n n n n n n n
A - Cull affected calves
n n n n
B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
n n n n n n n n
C - Wean affected calves; Shift to bottle-feeding for well calves
n n n n n n n n n n
D - Vitamin E/Selenium injections, plus dietary supplements
n n n n n n n
E - Inoculate rumen fluid from a healthy cow into calf by stomach tube: B -
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
n n n n n n n
This is the clinical picture of a ruminal drinker calf with chronic indigestion from milk dep
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
sited directly into the rumen.
n n n n
1n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
Treat by removing the fermented material and flushing the rumen with saline. Attempt
n n n n n n n n n n n n
to induce gastric/reticular groove closure during feeding by inducing vigorous suckin
n n n n n n n n n n n
g activity with a finger before feeding milk. If calves relapse, consider weaning.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
The problem occurs due to failure of the gastric groove reflex, which normally shunts mi
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
lk directly into the abomasum, (bypassing the rumen). Most often seen in bucket fed c
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alves who gulp their milk. n n n n
5. Abortions due to brucellosis tend to occur at what stage of pregnancy?: D n n n n n n n n n n n n
- Last half of pregnancy
n n n n
Typically, Brucellosis causes abortion in the LAST HALF of pregnancy, for the 5th m
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
onth onwards. Last trimester is also a good answer, though not entirely correct. You
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
might remember "Bruce is always late".
n n n n n
Expect STILLBORN calves. Cows only abort ONCE. Bruc
n n n n n n n
ellosis is REPORTABLE. n n
The vaccines used are the Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine or the RB51 vaccine,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
given to heifer calves 4- n n n n
12 months old, along with a USDA tattoo in the right ear. Remember: "The right ear i
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
s the RIGHT EAR".
n n n
BVD and Trichomoniasis (occasionally) can cause early abortion in cows, but MOST thi
n n n n n n n n n n n n
gs cause abortion late, like 3rd trimester.
n n n n n n
Listeriosis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes can cause abortion at any time during pre
n n n n n n n n n n n
nancy.
6. A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
n n n n n n n n n
What is the treatment of choice?n n n n n
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
n n n n n n n n
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
n n n n n n n n n
C - Rumenotomy
n n
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
n n n n n n n n
2n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate: B -
n n n n n n n n n n n
Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
n n n n n n n n
7. A 3- n
month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly d
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ied this morning after she escaped and was chased around the back pasture
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nfor 45 minutes by her owner.
n n n n n
Among other things, endocardial plaques in the left ventricle of this calf's hea
n n n n n n n n n n n n
rt are discovered.
n n
What advice should be given the farmer?
n n n n n n
A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
n n n n n n n n
B - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID
n n n n n n n n n
C - Take all the calves off ionophore-containing feed
n n n n n n n n
D - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
n n n n n n n n n
E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead: A -
n n n n n n n n n n n
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
n n n n n n n
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think White Muscle Disease when yo
n n n n n n n n n n n n
u see SUDDEN DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
a history of recent VIGOROUS EXERCISE. Follow this link to a Merck image of pale
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ventricular myocardium. n
Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-
n n n n n n n n n
6 mos) Clinical signs may include dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arch
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
d back, weakness, recumbent but BAR (bright, alert, responsive).
n n n n n n n n
Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea, co
n n n n n n n n n n
vulsions, opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia.
n n n n n n n n
8. Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic s
n n n n n n n n n n
ignificance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
n n n
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
n n n
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
n n n
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
n n n
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus: C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
n n n n n n n n
3n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water- n n n n n n n n n
associated outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans from a n
n n n n n n n n n n n n
umber of different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs) n n n n n n
E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do not. (The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
e IS a human version of rotavirus, however)
n n n n n n n
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not contagious.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
9. Swainsonine is a toxic compound present in which one of the following pl n n n n n n n n n n n n
ants?
A - Persea americana (Avocado)
n n n n
B - Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)
n n n n n
C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
n n n n n
D - Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
n n n n
E - Nerium oleander (Oleander): C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
n n n n n n n n n n
Swainsonine is found in many species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, called locoweedsn n n n n n n n n n n
, vetches, or milk vetches.
n n n n
Ingestion of swainsonine causes neurologic signs of cerebral disease, called "locois
n n n n n n n n n n
m" in livestock. Behavior changes, aggression, ataxia, depression, circling, and visio
n n n n n n n n n n
n loss are some of the clinical signs seen.
n n n n n n n n
Recovery is possible with removal of the source, but since locoweed is palatable, ani
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
mals may eat it again even when other forage is available.
n n n n n n n n n n
Cattle consuming locoweed at high altitudes can develop congestive heart failure, c
n n n n n n n n n n n
alled "High mountain disease". Pulmonary hypertension causes excessive strain on
n n n n n n n n n n
the heart muscle. n n
Nerium oleander (Oleander) contains cardiac gylcosides. n n n n n
Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) contains glycosides and thiaminase. Pe
n n n n n n n n
rsea americana (Avocado) contains persin.
n n n n
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) contains cyanide. n n n n
10. An 8- n
year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of colic.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
On presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28,
n n n n n n n n n n n n
4n/n52
1. What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn cattle?: Cornual
n n n n n n n n n n n
2. What nerve(s) need to be blocked in order to dehorn goats?: cornual nerve a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nd infratrochlear nerve
n n
3. Several rabbits in a commercial meat operation have developed genital s
n n n n n n n n n n
cabs, perineal ulcerations a crusty exudate around the nose and eyes. Mi
n n n n n n n n n n n
crohemaglutination tests are positive for treponematosis. n n n n n
Which one of the following steps is most effective to treat this problem?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
A - Amprolium-medicated feed for whole herd, 2 weeks; Increase ventilation
n n n n n n n n n n
B - Clindamycin PO for exposed rabbits, 8 days; Cull affected animals
n n n n n n n n n n n
C - Amipcillin PO for affected rabbits, 10-14 days
n n n n n n n n
D - Isolate affected animals, Lincomycin in water 2-3 weeks
n n n n n n n n n
E - Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days: Penicillin IM for all rabbits, 5-7 days
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
4. Two bucket- n
fed veal calves are depressed and stunted and have sticky feces coating their
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nhindquarters. Fluid- n
splashing sounds are audible during auscultation over the left flank when a c
n n n n n n n n n n n n
alf is drinking.
n n
Passage of a stomach tube obtains a rancid- n n n n n n n
smelling liquid with a pH of 5.2 [N=5.9-6.2]n n n n n n n
Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate treatment?
n n n n n n n n n n
A - Cull affected calves
n n n n
B - Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
n n n n n n n n
C - Wean affected calves; Shift to bottle-feeding for well calves
n n n n n n n n n n
D - Vitamin E/Selenium injections, plus dietary supplements
n n n n n n n
E - Inoculate rumen fluid from a healthy cow into calf by stomach tube: B -
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Remove fermented rumen contents, flush with saline
n n n n n n n
This is the clinical picture of a ruminal drinker calf with chronic indigestion from milk dep
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
sited directly into the rumen.
n n n n
1n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
Treat by removing the fermented material and flushing the rumen with saline. Attempt
n n n n n n n n n n n n
to induce gastric/reticular groove closure during feeding by inducing vigorous suckin
n n n n n n n n n n n
g activity with a finger before feeding milk. If calves relapse, consider weaning.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
The problem occurs due to failure of the gastric groove reflex, which normally shunts mi
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
lk directly into the abomasum, (bypassing the rumen). Most often seen in bucket fed c
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
alves who gulp their milk. n n n n
5. Abortions due to brucellosis tend to occur at what stage of pregnancy?: D n n n n n n n n n n n n
- Last half of pregnancy
n n n n
Typically, Brucellosis causes abortion in the LAST HALF of pregnancy, for the 5th m
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
onth onwards. Last trimester is also a good answer, though not entirely correct. You
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
might remember "Bruce is always late".
n n n n n
Expect STILLBORN calves. Cows only abort ONCE. Bruc
n n n n n n n
ellosis is REPORTABLE. n n
The vaccines used are the Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine or the RB51 vaccine,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
given to heifer calves 4- n n n n
12 months old, along with a USDA tattoo in the right ear. Remember: "The right ear i
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
s the RIGHT EAR".
n n n
BVD and Trichomoniasis (occasionally) can cause early abortion in cows, but MOST thi
n n n n n n n n n n n n
gs cause abortion late, like 3rd trimester.
n n n n n n
Listeriosis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes can cause abortion at any time during pre
n n n n n n n n n n n
nancy.
6. A cow is presented on emergency with urea/non-protein nitrogen toxicity.
n n n n n n n n n
What is the treatment of choice?n n n n n
A - Atropine, Protopam chloride IV q 4-6 hours
n n n n n n n n
B - Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
n n n n n n n n n
C - Rumenotomy
n n
D - IV Fluids with MgSO4, Na thiosulfate PO
n n n n n n n n
2n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
E - Relieve bloat, drench with 2-8 liters sodium bicarbonate: B -
n n n n n n n n n n n
Rumenal infusion 2-8 liters vinegar,3-10 gallons cold water
n n n n n n n n
7. A 3- n
month old calf is presented for necropsy. The calf collapsed and suddenly d
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ied this morning after she escaped and was chased around the back pasture
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nfor 45 minutes by her owner.
n n n n n
Among other things, endocardial plaques in the left ventricle of this calf's hea
n n n n n n n n n n n n
rt are discovered.
n n
What advice should be given the farmer?
n n n n n n
A - Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
n n n n n n n n
B - Check the mother for bovine leukosis by AGID
n n n n n n n n n
C - Take all the calves off ionophore-containing feed
n n n n n n n n
D - Start the other calves on Ceftiofur (Naxcel ®)
n n n n n n n n n
E - Search the calf barn for sources of lead: A -
n n n n n n n n n n n
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium
n n n n n n n
Treat the other calves with vitamin E/Selenium. Think White Muscle Disease when yo
n n n n n n n n n n n n
u see SUDDEN DEATH and endocardial PLAQUES in a young calf, lamb or kid with
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
a history of recent VIGOROUS EXERCISE. Follow this link to a Merck image of pale
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ventricular myocardium. n
Typically seen in young, fast-growing animals (ie: calves 2 weeks-
n n n n n n n n n
6 mos) Clinical signs may include dyspnea (due to myocardial disease), stiff gait, arch
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
d back, weakness, recumbent but BAR (bright, alert, responsive).
n n n n n n n n
Sudden death may resemble enterotoxemia, should see acute bloody diarrhea, co
n n n n n n n n n n
vulsions, opisthotonos in first days of life with enterotoxemia.
n n n n n n n n
8. Which pair of neonatal calf diarrheas both have public health/zoonotic s
n n n n n n n n n n
ignificance?
A - Colibacillosis, Ostertagiasis
n n n
B - Colibacillosis, Rotavirus
n n n
C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
n n n
D - Salmonella, Coccidiosis
n n n
E - Clostridium perfringens, Coronavirus: C - Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonella
n n n n n n n n
3n/n52
, NAVLE Prep n
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoa implicated in drinking water- n n n n n n n n n
associated outbreaks of diarrhea in humans; Salmonellae can infect humans from a n
n n n n n n n n n n n n
umber of different sources (turtles, chickens, eggs) n n n n n n
E. Coli can cause human disease, but Ostertagia and bovine rotavirus do not. (The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
e IS a human version of rotavirus, however)
n n n n n n n
C. perfringens can be found in soil and in the normal gut flora and is not contagious.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
9. Swainsonine is a toxic compound present in which one of the following pl n n n n n n n n n n n n
ants?
A - Persea americana (Avocado)
n n n n
B - Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern)
n n n n n
C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
n n n n n
D - Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
n n n n
E - Nerium oleander (Oleander): C - Astragalus flavus (Milk vetch)
n n n n n n n n n n
Swainsonine is found in many species of Astragalus and Oxytropis, called locoweedsn n n n n n n n n n n
, vetches, or milk vetches.
n n n n
Ingestion of swainsonine causes neurologic signs of cerebral disease, called "locois
n n n n n n n n n n
m" in livestock. Behavior changes, aggression, ataxia, depression, circling, and visio
n n n n n n n n n n
n loss are some of the clinical signs seen.
n n n n n n n n
Recovery is possible with removal of the source, but since locoweed is palatable, ani
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
mals may eat it again even when other forage is available.
n n n n n n n n n n
Cattle consuming locoweed at high altitudes can develop congestive heart failure, c
n n n n n n n n n n n
alled "High mountain disease". Pulmonary hypertension causes excessive strain on
n n n n n n n n n n
the heart muscle. n n
Nerium oleander (Oleander) contains cardiac gylcosides. n n n n n
Pteridium aquilinum (Bracken fern) contains glycosides and thiaminase. Pe
n n n n n n n n
rsea americana (Avocado) contains persin.
n n n n
Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) contains cyanide. n n n n
10. An 8- n
year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of colic.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
On presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28,
n n n n n n n n n n n n
4n/n52
