Page 1 of 30
WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM GUARANTEED PASS
What are the steps of inspiration?
-blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
-air enters lungs
What are the 2 types of respiration?
internal respiration and external respiration
In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences?
from a high area to a low area
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and RBCs, and between
the RBCs and tissue
What is external respiration?
air movement between the lungs and the atmosphere
What is inhalation?
when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs
What is exhalation?
when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere
What is Boyle's Law?
, Page 2 of 30
that pressure and volume are inversely proportional
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
pressure inside the lungs
What is intrapulmonary volume?
volume inside the lungs
What is the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure when you
are at rest?(neither inhaling or exhaling)
760mmHg
What is the lung volume during rest?
400ml air
For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the
atmospheric pressure?
lower
What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their functions?
Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it can
tell if CO2 has increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the
medulla
What are the steps of expiration?
-inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic nerve
, Page 3 of 30
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs
What are the parts of components capacity and their meaning?
a- tidal volume(TV): a normal breath
b- inspiratory reserve volume(IRV): the amount of air your can forcefully
inhale after a normal inhale
c- expiratory reserve volume(ERV): the amount of air you can forcefully
exhale after a normal exhale
d- vital capacity(VC): the amount of air that can be manipulated
e- residual volume(RV): the amount of air always left in the lungs
f-total lung capacity(TLC): the total amount of air your lungs can hold
What is pH, its range, and the categories within its range?
-the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution
-0-14
-acidic: 0-7, neutral: 7-8, basic: 8-14
What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings?
-pH is acidic
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the
body or not enough base in the body
-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the
body
What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings?
-pH is alkaline(basic)
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body
or not enough acid in body
WCU PHYS 261 FINAL EXAM GUARANTEED PASS
What are the steps of inspiration?
-blood O2 levels are low, while CO2 is high
-chemoreceptors get stimulated
-chemoreceptors stimulate medulla(respiratory center)
-medulla stimulates the phrenic nerve
-phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and respiratory muscles
-diaphragm and muscles move down and outward
-negative pressure created inside the lungs
-thoracic veins drain blood into the lungs
-increase in intrapulmonary volume
-decrease in intrapulmonary pressure by 4mmHg= 756mmHg
-air enters lungs
What are the 2 types of respiration?
internal respiration and external respiration
In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences?
from a high area to a low area
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange that occurs between the aleveoli and RBCs, and between
the RBCs and tissue
What is external respiration?
air movement between the lungs and the atmosphere
What is inhalation?
when air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs
What is exhalation?
when air moves from the lungs into the atmosphere
What is Boyle's Law?
, Page 2 of 30
that pressure and volume are inversely proportional
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
pressure inside the lungs
What is intrapulmonary volume?
volume inside the lungs
What is the atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure when you
are at rest?(neither inhaling or exhaling)
760mmHg
What is the lung volume during rest?
400ml air
For inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure higher or lower than the
atmospheric pressure?
lower
What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors and their functions?
Central receptors
-located near the medulla
-detect hydrogen concentration in CSF and by detecting hydrogen, it can
tell if CO2 has increased
Peripheral receptors
-found in carotid artery and aortic bodies
-detects a decrease in O2 levels, and if decreased, it stimulates the
medulla
What are the steps of expiration?
-inhalation caused the lungs to be filled with air
-stimulates stretch receptors within the medulla
-medulla inhibits the phrenic nerve
-diaphragm and respiratory muscles no longer stimulated by phrenic nerve
, Page 3 of 30
-diaphragm and muscles relax
-diaphragm moves up and muscles move inward
-lungs recoil properly
-blood is pushed out of the lungs
-decrease in intrapulmonary volume
-increase in intrapulmonary pressure by 8mmHg= 764mmHg
-air leaves lungs
What are the parts of components capacity and their meaning?
a- tidal volume(TV): a normal breath
b- inspiratory reserve volume(IRV): the amount of air your can forcefully
inhale after a normal inhale
c- expiratory reserve volume(ERV): the amount of air you can forcefully
exhale after a normal exhale
d- vital capacity(VC): the amount of air that can be manipulated
e- residual volume(RV): the amount of air always left in the lungs
f-total lung capacity(TLC): the total amount of air your lungs can hold
What is pH, its range, and the categories within its range?
-the concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution
-0-14
-acidic: 0-7, neutral: 7-8, basic: 8-14
What is acidosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings?
-pH is acidic
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess acid in the
body or not enough base in the body
-respiratory: imbalance between acid and base due to excess CO2 in the
body
What is alkalosis, the 2 types of acid-base disturbances, and their
meanings?
-pH is alkaline(basic)
-metabolic: imbalance between acid and base due to excess base in body
or not enough acid in body
