BIO202 Verified 2025 Exam Study Guide

Viscosity of Blood? - Correct Ans-twice as thick as water How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? - Correct Ans-20-60 seconds What is the composition of Blood - Correct Ans-55% plasma, 45% formed elements, What are the fucntions of blood? - Correct Ans--Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting What is the composition of plasma? - Correct Ans-91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes What proteins are found in blood plasma? - Correct Ans-albumin, globulins, fibrinogen What solutes are found in blood plasma? - Correct Ans-Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances What are two blood disorders - Correct Ans-Anemia and sickle-cell disease What is sickle-cell disease? - Correct Ans-an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin What is anemia? - Correct Ans-a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood How much blood does the heart pump per minute? - Correct Ans-~5 1/4 Quarts per minute What are action potentials? - Correct Ans-Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold What is depolarization? - Correct Ans-Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What is Repolarization? - Correct Ans-Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What are the functions of the heart? - Correct Ans-generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply What are the two divisions of the heart? - Correct Ans-Pulmonary Circuit and Systemic Circuit What are the components of the heart? - Correct Ans-Pericardium, Heart Wall, Chambers, Valves What is the pericardium? - Correct Ans-Double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and reduces friction between pericardial membranes What is the heart wall? - Correct Ans-Three protective layers of tissue What to chambers of the heart do? - Correct Ans-Receive and return blood from and to the body What is the purpose of heart valves? - Correct Ans-prevent back flow of blood, ensure one-directional What are the four valves of the heart? - Correct Ans-The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side. Blood flow through the heart - Correct Ans-SVC -- Rt atria -- Tricuspid -- Rt ventricle -- Pulmonic valve -- Lungs -- Lt atria -- Mitral valve -- Lt ventricle -- aortic valve -- aorta -- Body Arteries - Correct Ans-carry blood away from the heart, muscular and elastic Veins - Correct Ans-Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart Capillaries - Correct Ans-Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body Pulmonary hypertension - Correct Ans-Narrowed arteries in lungs and heart decrease blood flow from heart and decrease oxygen from lungs to rest of body components of lymphatic system - Correct Ans-lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs What is lymph? - Correct Ans-watery fluid contained in lymphatic vessels that contains white blood cells and antibodies What are lymphatic vessels? - Correct Ans-Thinner than veins and continuously filter cellular waste from the extracellular fluid by circulating it through lymph nodes What are the lymphatic tissue types? - Correct Ans-Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Reticular Cells What are lymphocytes? - Correct Ans-White blood cells found in lymph, blood, etc.m and provide immunity. They originate in bone marrow. What are the two lymphocytes? - Correct Ans-B cells and T cells What are B cells? - Correct Ans-Lymphocytes that produce antibodies What are T cells? - Correct Ans-a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response. What are macrophages? - Correct Ans-They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses. What are dendritic cells? - Correct Ans-Antigen presenting cells located in the, epidermis, mucus membrane and lymphatic organs What are reticular cells? - Correct Ans-fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network What are the lymphatic organs? - Correct Ans-red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen What are the functions of the lymphatic system? - Correct Ans-fluid balance, fat absorption, defense What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? - Correct Ans-Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes What is edema? - Correct Ans-a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling. What is the immune system? - Correct Ans-The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms. What are lymph nodes? - Correct Ans-Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection Functions of the respiratory system? - Correct Ans-Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production What are the upper respiratory organs? - Correct Ans-nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx What are the lower respiratory organs? - Correct Ans-larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs What are the functions of the sinuses? - Correct Ans-Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice What are the functions of the nasal cavity? - Correct Ans-Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream What is the function of the nose? - Correct Ans-Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body What is the function of the pharynx? - Correct Ans-passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils What is the function of the larynx? - Correct Ans-houses vocal cords; prevents foreign objects such as food and drink from entering trachea Function of the trachea? - Correct Ans-Maintains open passageway for air, filters air with mucus lining Function of the bronchial tree? - Correct Ans-air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air Functions of the lungs? - Correct Ans-Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2 and some water What are the mechanics of breathing? - Correct Ans-Inspiration, ventilation, gas exchange, transportation expiration What is inspiration? - Correct Ans-Breathing in by diaphrahm moving downward, intercostals contract, pectroalis expands, lungs expand What is expiration - Correct Ans-diaphragm relaxes, lungs and elastic tissues recoil, pressure around alveoli increases which pushes gas exchange What is ventilation? - Correct Ans-air moving in and out of lungs Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport? - Correct Ans-Oxygen (1) hemoglobin on red blood cells (2) dissolves in plasma Carbon Dioxide (1) attached to blood as bicarbonate (2) dissolves in plasma (3) attached to hemoglobin as carbon dioxide Respiratory disorders? - Correct Ans-Asthma, Emphysema, Lung cancer, pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis What is asthma and its treatment? - Correct Ans-chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Epi and dilating stimulants and corticosteroids or NSAIDs What is emphysema, and its treatment? - Correct Ans-a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Treated by bronchodiaters, diuretics, corticosteroids What is Lung Cancer? - Correct Ans-uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death What is Pneumonia? Its treatment? - Correct Ans-Lower respiratory tract infection causing alveoli to fill with dead WBCs. Tre