CONCEPTS OF NURSING EXAM FINAL PAPER 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔System Models - ✔✔- by Betty Neuman (1924 - 2012)
- The theory is based on the person's relationship to stress, the response to it, and
reconstitution factors that are progressive in nature.
- Presents a broad, holistic and system-based method to nursing that maintains a factor
of flexibility.
- It focuses on the response of the patient system to actual or potential environmental
stressors and the maintenance of the client system's
stability through primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention intervention to
reduce stressors.
✔✔Imogene King - ✔✔• BORN: Iowa, USA
• A pioneer in Nursing Theory Development
• Identified multiple concepts used by nurses to describe nursing.
✔✔INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK AND THEORY OF THE GOAL - ✔✔- by
Imogene King (1923 - 2007)
- The theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows
and develops to attain certain life goals.
- The theory explains that factors which can affect the attainment of goals are roles,
stress, space and time.
✔✔Personal, Interpersonal, and Social - ✔✔three interacting systems
✔✔Personal System - ✔✔perception, self, growth and development, body image,
space, and time.
✔✔Interpersonal System - ✔✔interaction, communication, transaction, role, and stress
✔✔Social System - ✔✔organization, authority, power, status, and decision making
✔✔Dorothea Orem - ✔✔- BORN: Maryland, USA
- Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.
- Suggested the development of applied nursing science and basic, non-nursing
sciences as part of the empirical evidence and knowledge base to be associated with
nursing practice.
✔✔Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory - ✔✔- Dorothea Orem's theory
, - 1914-2007
✔✔Dorothy Johnson - ✔✔• BORN: Georgia, USA
• She held a strong conviction that continuing improvement of care was the ultimate
goal of nursing
• Nursing is an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and
integration of the patient's behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in
which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which
illness is found.
✔✔Behavioral System Model - ✔✔- by Dorothy Johnson
- 1919-1999
- A model of nursing care that advocates the fostering of efficient and effective
behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
✔✔Seven Behavioral Subsystems - ✔✔affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative,
sexual, aggressive, and achievement.
✔✔Ernestine Wiedenbach - ✔✔• BORN: Hamburg, Germany
• Concentrated on the art of nursing and focused on the needs of the patient.
• "People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is
nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion."
✔✔CONCEPTUAL MODEL: THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL
NURSING - ✔✔by Ernestine Wiedenbach (1900 - 1998)
✔✔Clinical Nursing - ✔✔- directed toward meeting the patient's perceived need-for-help
(based on individual perception).
✔✔Philosophy, Purpose, Practice, and Art - ✔✔Four main elements of Clinical Nursing:
✔✔Lydia Hall - ✔✔BORN: New York, USA
✔✔Care, Core, Cure Model - ✔✔- BY Lydia Hall (1906 - 1969)
- Defined NURSING as: "Participation in Care, Core and Cure aspects of patient care,
where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas
the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team."
✔✔person - ✔✔what does CORE reprsent in care, core,cure model?
✔✔body - ✔✔what does CARE represent in care, core,cure model?
✔✔disease - ✔✔what does CURE represent in care, core,cure model?
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔System Models - ✔✔- by Betty Neuman (1924 - 2012)
- The theory is based on the person's relationship to stress, the response to it, and
reconstitution factors that are progressive in nature.
- Presents a broad, holistic and system-based method to nursing that maintains a factor
of flexibility.
- It focuses on the response of the patient system to actual or potential environmental
stressors and the maintenance of the client system's
stability through primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention intervention to
reduce stressors.
✔✔Imogene King - ✔✔• BORN: Iowa, USA
• A pioneer in Nursing Theory Development
• Identified multiple concepts used by nurses to describe nursing.
✔✔INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK AND THEORY OF THE GOAL - ✔✔- by
Imogene King (1923 - 2007)
- The theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a patient grows
and develops to attain certain life goals.
- The theory explains that factors which can affect the attainment of goals are roles,
stress, space and time.
✔✔Personal, Interpersonal, and Social - ✔✔three interacting systems
✔✔Personal System - ✔✔perception, self, growth and development, body image,
space, and time.
✔✔Interpersonal System - ✔✔interaction, communication, transaction, role, and stress
✔✔Social System - ✔✔organization, authority, power, status, and decision making
✔✔Dorothea Orem - ✔✔- BORN: Maryland, USA
- Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.
- Suggested the development of applied nursing science and basic, non-nursing
sciences as part of the empirical evidence and knowledge base to be associated with
nursing practice.
✔✔Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory - ✔✔- Dorothea Orem's theory
, - 1914-2007
✔✔Dorothy Johnson - ✔✔• BORN: Georgia, USA
• She held a strong conviction that continuing improvement of care was the ultimate
goal of nursing
• Nursing is an external regulatory force which acts to preserve the organization and
integration of the patient's behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in
which the behavior constitutes a threat to the physical or social health, or in which
illness is found.
✔✔Behavioral System Model - ✔✔- by Dorothy Johnson
- 1919-1999
- A model of nursing care that advocates the fostering of efficient and effective
behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
✔✔Seven Behavioral Subsystems - ✔✔affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative,
sexual, aggressive, and achievement.
✔✔Ernestine Wiedenbach - ✔✔• BORN: Hamburg, Germany
• Concentrated on the art of nursing and focused on the needs of the patient.
• "People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is
nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion."
✔✔CONCEPTUAL MODEL: THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL
NURSING - ✔✔by Ernestine Wiedenbach (1900 - 1998)
✔✔Clinical Nursing - ✔✔- directed toward meeting the patient's perceived need-for-help
(based on individual perception).
✔✔Philosophy, Purpose, Practice, and Art - ✔✔Four main elements of Clinical Nursing:
✔✔Lydia Hall - ✔✔BORN: New York, USA
✔✔Care, Core, Cure Model - ✔✔- BY Lydia Hall (1906 - 1969)
- Defined NURSING as: "Participation in Care, Core and Cure aspects of patient care,
where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas
the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team."
✔✔person - ✔✔what does CORE reprsent in care, core,cure model?
✔✔body - ✔✔what does CARE represent in care, core,cure model?
✔✔disease - ✔✔what does CURE represent in care, core,cure model?
