PSY 130 Exam 2- Questions and Answers|
Latest Update
Maternal employment ✔️✔️If mothers work long hours, don't spend time with kids --> Less
cognitive and social competence
Non-parental child care ✔️✔️High quality care (first 3 years): •Better cognitive development
High quantity of care (first 3 years):
•Some benefits: Socially competent, assertive, self-sufficient.
•Social-emotional problems. Children become more aggressive and non-compliant.
•Disturbed stress response? Abnormal cortisol response at age 15.
Affects of media on development ✔️✔️Displacement of other activities:
•Media use may replace parent-child interactions that are important for development
•Baby Einstein predicts lower vocabulary
•Media use may decrease time spent on reading, studies, academic activities
•Correlated with lower grades
•Physical inactivity
Macrosystem: TV violence is prevalent in US
The Positive Side of Programming ✔️✔️Evaluated by Educational Testing Service: Among 4 and 5-
year-olds, those who watched Sesame Street more had highest overall test scores, largest gains
in writing, knowledge of alphabet
Discrete emotions theory: ✔️✔️•Emotions are innate•Emotions tied to specific body/facial
reactions •Emotions and reactions present at birth
,Functionalist theory: ✔️✔️•Emotions have functions •Environment influences emotions
•Emotions emerge with experience
Newborns can express: ✔️✔️•Interest •Disgust •Distress à Generalized negative response
Positive emotions that appear in the first year: ✔️✔️•1 month: Smiles triggered by environment
•2-3 months: Voluntary, social smiles
•3-4 months: Laughter
•7 months: Preference for familiar people
Negative emotions become more distinct: ✔️✔️•6-7 months: Fear of strangers
•7-12 months: Fear of loud toys, sudden movements
•8-15 months: Separation anxiety
•4-8 months: Anger distinct from other distress
18-24 months: Self-conscious emotions ✔️✔️•Pride •Embarrassment •Shame (focus on self)
•Guilt (focus on other)
Emerge with a sense of self
Require some amount of cultural learning
Identifying emotions ✔️✔️4-7 months: Can tell apart some emotional expressions, but do not
necessarily know what they mean
7 months: Begin to connect emotions to facial expressions and tone of voice
8-12 months: Begin to relate emotions to their causes in the world à Permits social referencing
, Early childhood (2-5 years): ✔️✔️•Huge increase in ability to identify emotions •Appearance of
emotion language •Can label simple emotions (happy, sad, fear, surprise, anger) •Can use
situational information to infer someone's emotion
Middle childhood (6-10 years): ✔️✔️•Can label more complex emotions (pride, shame, guilt)
•Recognize that someone can feel two conflicting emotions at once
Children identify the causes of different emotions at different ages: ✔️✔️•2-3 years: Happiness
•4 years: Sadness •4-6 years: Fear, anger, surprise •7 years: Shame, guilt, pride, jealousy
Understanding fake emotions ✔️✔️1.5 years: Differentiate between appropriate and
inappropriate emotions
3 years: Attempt to disguise negative emotions
5 years: Understand difference between external and internal emotions
Necessary to regulate emotions by initiating, inhibiting, or modulating various components of
emotions: ✔️✔️Internal feelings Behavior Physiological processes Cognitions
Three developmental patterns: ✔️✔️1. Caregiver to self
2.Behavioral to cognitive
3.Selection of appropriate strategies
Caregiver to self: ✔️✔️•Birth - 5 months: Parents regulate arousal •6 months: Self-soothe; avert
attention •1 - 2 years: Behavioral distraction •3 - 4 years: Language
Behavior to cognitive: ✔️✔️•Young children attempt to distract themselves by engaging in
different physical behaviors
Latest Update
Maternal employment ✔️✔️If mothers work long hours, don't spend time with kids --> Less
cognitive and social competence
Non-parental child care ✔️✔️High quality care (first 3 years): •Better cognitive development
High quantity of care (first 3 years):
•Some benefits: Socially competent, assertive, self-sufficient.
•Social-emotional problems. Children become more aggressive and non-compliant.
•Disturbed stress response? Abnormal cortisol response at age 15.
Affects of media on development ✔️✔️Displacement of other activities:
•Media use may replace parent-child interactions that are important for development
•Baby Einstein predicts lower vocabulary
•Media use may decrease time spent on reading, studies, academic activities
•Correlated with lower grades
•Physical inactivity
Macrosystem: TV violence is prevalent in US
The Positive Side of Programming ✔️✔️Evaluated by Educational Testing Service: Among 4 and 5-
year-olds, those who watched Sesame Street more had highest overall test scores, largest gains
in writing, knowledge of alphabet
Discrete emotions theory: ✔️✔️•Emotions are innate•Emotions tied to specific body/facial
reactions •Emotions and reactions present at birth
,Functionalist theory: ✔️✔️•Emotions have functions •Environment influences emotions
•Emotions emerge with experience
Newborns can express: ✔️✔️•Interest •Disgust •Distress à Generalized negative response
Positive emotions that appear in the first year: ✔️✔️•1 month: Smiles triggered by environment
•2-3 months: Voluntary, social smiles
•3-4 months: Laughter
•7 months: Preference for familiar people
Negative emotions become more distinct: ✔️✔️•6-7 months: Fear of strangers
•7-12 months: Fear of loud toys, sudden movements
•8-15 months: Separation anxiety
•4-8 months: Anger distinct from other distress
18-24 months: Self-conscious emotions ✔️✔️•Pride •Embarrassment •Shame (focus on self)
•Guilt (focus on other)
Emerge with a sense of self
Require some amount of cultural learning
Identifying emotions ✔️✔️4-7 months: Can tell apart some emotional expressions, but do not
necessarily know what they mean
7 months: Begin to connect emotions to facial expressions and tone of voice
8-12 months: Begin to relate emotions to their causes in the world à Permits social referencing
, Early childhood (2-5 years): ✔️✔️•Huge increase in ability to identify emotions •Appearance of
emotion language •Can label simple emotions (happy, sad, fear, surprise, anger) •Can use
situational information to infer someone's emotion
Middle childhood (6-10 years): ✔️✔️•Can label more complex emotions (pride, shame, guilt)
•Recognize that someone can feel two conflicting emotions at once
Children identify the causes of different emotions at different ages: ✔️✔️•2-3 years: Happiness
•4 years: Sadness •4-6 years: Fear, anger, surprise •7 years: Shame, guilt, pride, jealousy
Understanding fake emotions ✔️✔️1.5 years: Differentiate between appropriate and
inappropriate emotions
3 years: Attempt to disguise negative emotions
5 years: Understand difference between external and internal emotions
Necessary to regulate emotions by initiating, inhibiting, or modulating various components of
emotions: ✔️✔️Internal feelings Behavior Physiological processes Cognitions
Three developmental patterns: ✔️✔️1. Caregiver to self
2.Behavioral to cognitive
3.Selection of appropriate strategies
Caregiver to self: ✔️✔️•Birth - 5 months: Parents regulate arousal •6 months: Self-soothe; avert
attention •1 - 2 years: Behavioral distraction •3 - 4 years: Language
Behavior to cognitive: ✔️✔️•Young children attempt to distract themselves by engaging in
different physical behaviors
