ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY EXAM SCRIPT
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Inhibitory proteins - ✔✔-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
✔✔DNA Damage Checkpoints - ✔✔-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
✔✔Inhibitory proteins p53 - ✔✔-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
✔✔M Phase Checkpoints - ✔✔When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line
up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Cells of the Immune System - ✔✔
✔✔Pluripotent Stem Cell - ✔✔-The cells of the immune system are created in the bome
marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
✔✔Myeolid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
✔✔Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
,✔✔Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - ✔✔Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
✔✔Innate Immunity - ✔✔-First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
✔✔1. Phagocytes
2. Natural Killer Cells
3. Granulocytes
4. Macrophages - ✔✔1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils
Eosinophils - parasites
Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection
✔✔Adaptive Immunity - ✔✔-Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
-leads to immune system memory
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity
-Regulatory T-cells
✔✔Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-B-Cells
-Memory B-Cells
-Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies
✔✔B-Cell - ✔✔-each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
, -Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to
surface of a microbe
-When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that
are unique to that antigen
✔✔Plasma Cells - ✔✔-some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
-Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for
years
✔✔Cell-Mediated Immunity - ✔✔Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and
their cyokinds
-more effective against antigens within cells
✔✔Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - ✔✔regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
✔✔T-Cell - ✔✔-Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by
"presenting cells"
-Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells
✔✔Helper T-Cells (CD4+) - ✔✔-help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals
-Help B Cells to respond
-rapidly divide, in an effort to stay ahead of the antigen dividsion
-some will turn into effector cells, which secrete different kinds of cytokines
-respond similarly to B-Cells
✔✔Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) - ✔✔-Directly kill cells for which they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
✔✔Cytokines - ✔✔-Secreted by lymphocytes
-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory
functions in the immune system
2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Inhibitory proteins - ✔✔-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
✔✔DNA Damage Checkpoints - ✔✔-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
✔✔Inhibitory proteins p53 - ✔✔-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
✔✔M Phase Checkpoints - ✔✔When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line
up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Cells of the Immune System - ✔✔
✔✔Pluripotent Stem Cell - ✔✔-The cells of the immune system are created in the bome
marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
✔✔Myeolid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
✔✔Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
,✔✔Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - ✔✔Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
✔✔Innate Immunity - ✔✔-First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
✔✔1. Phagocytes
2. Natural Killer Cells
3. Granulocytes
4. Macrophages - ✔✔1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils
Eosinophils - parasites
Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection
✔✔Adaptive Immunity - ✔✔-Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
-leads to immune system memory
-Humoral immunity
-Cell-mediated immunity
-Regulatory T-cells
✔✔Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-B-Cells
-Memory B-Cells
-Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies
✔✔B-Cell - ✔✔-each one is programmed to make one specific antibody
, -Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to
surface of a microbe
-When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that
are unique to that antigen
✔✔Plasma Cells - ✔✔-some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis
-Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for
years
✔✔Cell-Mediated Immunity - ✔✔Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and
their cyokinds
-more effective against antigens within cells
✔✔Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells - ✔✔regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
✔✔T-Cell - ✔✔-Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by
"presenting cells"
-Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigen-
presenting cells
✔✔Helper T-Cells (CD4+) - ✔✔-help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals
-Help B Cells to respond
-rapidly divide, in an effort to stay ahead of the antigen dividsion
-some will turn into effector cells, which secrete different kinds of cytokines
-respond similarly to B-Cells
✔✔Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) - ✔✔-Directly kill cells for which they are activated to kill
-rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens
✔✔Cytokines - ✔✔-Secreted by lymphocytes
-Tasked with eliminating the antigen
-Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory
functions in the immune system
