TEST vdBANK vdMassage vdTherapy vd7/E vdSusan vdSalvo
Chapter vd01: vdHistory vdof vdMassage: vdPrehistoric vdTimes vdto vdthe vdModern vdEra vdand
vdProfessional vdSocieties, vdOrganizations, vdand vdAssociations.
MULTIPLE vdCHOICE
1. Which vdmethod vdis vddefined vdas vdmanipulation vdof vdsoft vdtissue vdusing vdpressure
vdand vdtraction vdfor vdclinical, vdtherapeutic, vdand vdpalliative vdpurposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity vdtherapy
d. Massage vdtherapy
ANS: v d D
Massage vdtherapy vdthe vdmanipulation vdof vdsoft vdtissue vdusing vdcompression vdand
vddecompression/traction vdfor vdclinical, vdtherapeutic, vdand vdpalliative vdpurposes vdor vdfor
vdwellness vdand vdself-care vdpurposes.
2. Which vdorigin vdfor vdthe vdword vdmassage vdis vdGreek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: v d B
The vdorigin vdof vdthe vdword vdmassage vdis vdunclear, vdbut vdcan vdbe vdtraced vdto vdnumerous
vdsources: vdthe vdHebrew vdmashesh, vdthe vdGreek vdmasso vdand vdmassin, vdthe vdLatin vdmassa,
vdthe vdArabic vdmass’h, vdthe vdSanskrit vdmakeh, vdand vdthe vdFrench vdmasser.
3. When vdwas vdthe vdearliest vdthe vdterm vdmassage vdwas vdused vdby vdmost vdEuropean-based
vdcultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: v d C
By vdthe vdearly vd1800s, vdthe vdterm vdmassage vdwas vdused vdby vdmost vdEuropean-based
vdcultures. vdHistorically, vdmassage vdwas vdreferred vdto vdby vdits vdtechniques vdsuch vdas
vdfriction vdor vdrubbing.
4. The vdfirst vdwritten vdrecords vdof vdmassage vddate vdback vdto vd3000 vdBCE vdin vdwhich vdcountry?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: v d B
Written vdrecords vdregarding vdthe vdpractice vdof vdmassage vdgo vdback vdto vd3000 vdBCE vdin
vdChina. vdAcupuncture vdwas vdnot vdmentioned vdin vdChinese vdwritings vduntil vd90 vdBCE.
5. Which vdwork vdis vdcommonly vdreferred vdto vdas vdthe vdclassic vdscripture vdof vdtraditional
vdChinese vdmedicine?
, a. Tao vdTe vdChing
b. Nei vdChing
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus vdHippocraticum
ANS: v d B
At vdthe vdtime vdof vdHwang vdTi, vdvarious vdideas vdand vdbeliefs vdwere vdcompiled vdunder
vdthe vdname vdof vdthe vdYellow vdEmperor vd(died vdin vd2599 vdBCE) vdwhich vdbecame vdthe
vdclassic vdscripture vdof vdtraditional vdChinese vdmedicine vdknown vdas vdthe vdNei vdChang.
vdThe vdNei vdChang vdwas vdwritten vdabout vd2760 vdBCE, vdand vdthis vdwork vdcontains
vddetailed vddescriptions vdof vdmassage vdprocedures vdas vdwell vdas vdherbal vdmedicines.
6. What vdis vdthe vdoriginal vdmassage vdtechnique vdin vdChina vdand vdthe vdprecursor vdto
vdmanual vdand vdenergetic vdtherapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: v d D
Amma vdis vdregarded vdas vdthe vdoriginal vdmassage vdtechnique vdand vdprecursor vdto vdall
vdother vdChinese vdtherapies, vdmanual vdand vdenergetic.
7. Which vdhealing vdmethod vdis vdbased vdon vdHindu vdtradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: v d A
Knowledge vdof vdamma vdmassage vdtraveled vdto vdthe vdsubcontinent vdof vdIndia vdfrom vdChina,
vdand vdmassage vdbecame vdpart vdof vdHindu vdtradition. vdMassage vdis vddescribed vdin vdIndia’s
vdfirst vdgreat vdmedical vdtexts, vdthe vdAyurveda vdbooks vdof vdwisdom vd(about vd1800 vdBCE)
vdand vdrecommend vdmassage vdas vdan vdindispensable vdhealing vdprocedure.
8. Which vdmethod vdis vdJapanese vdbut vdbased vdon vdChinese vdmedicine vdconcepts, vdand vduses
vdpressure vdapplied vdfrom vdthe vdpractitioner’s vdthumbs, vdelbows, vdand vdother vdparts vdof
vdthe vdbody?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: v d B
Shiatsu vdis vda vdJapanese vdmethod vdbased vdon vdthe vdsame vdtraditional vdChinese vdmedicine
vdconcepts vdas vdacupuncture vd—energy vdflows vdin vdthe vdbody vdthrough vdstreams vdcalled
vdchannels vdor vdmeridians.
Acupuncturists vduse vdneedles vdat vdspecific vdpoints vdto vdbalance vdthe vdflow vdof
vdenergy; vdshiatsu vdpractitioners vduse vdtheir vdfingers, vdthumbs, vdforearms, vdelbows, vdand
vdeven vdtheir vdknees vdand vdfeet.
9. Who vdis vdgenerally vdrecognized vdas vdthe vdfather vdof vdmodern vdWestern vdmedicine?
a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
, d. Hippocrates
ANS: v d D
Hippocrates vdwas vdknown vdto vdbe vda vdfine vdphysician, vdfounder vdof vda vdmedical vdschool,
vdauthor vdof vdnumerous vdbooks, vdand vdadvocated vdthe vduse vdof vdmassage vdor vd―rubbing.‖
vdThese vdworks vdare vdcollectively vdknown vdas vdthe vdCorpus vdHippocraticum, vdand
vdsummarized vdmuch vdof vdwhat vdwas vdknown vdabout vddisease vdand vdmedicine vdin vdthe
vdancient vdworld. vdHippocrates vdis vdgenerally vdrecognized vdas vdthe vdfather vdof vdmodern
vdWestern vdmedicine, vdand vdhe vdbelieved vdthat vdphysicians vdshould vdavoid vdcausing
vdharm vdto vdpatients.
10. Who vdwrote vdthe vdCanon vdof vdMedicine, vdthe vdmost vdfamous vdbook vdin vdthe vdhistory
vdof vdmedicine vdin vdboth vdthe vdEast vdand vdthe vdWest?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: v d C
A vdtext vdentitled v d v d or vdCanon vdof vdMedicine vdwas vdwritten vdby
vdone vdof vdthe vdgreatest vdPersian vdphysicians vdof vdhis vdera, vdAvicenna vd(980-1037). vdHe
vdwas vdalso vdknown vdas vdIbn vdSina. vdThe vdCanon vdof vdMedicine vdis vdthe vdmost vdfamous
vdbook vdin vdthe vdhistory vdof vdmedicine vdin vdboth vdthe vdEast vdand vdthe vdWest.
11. Which vdindividual vddiscussed vdthe vdeffects vdof vdmassage vdand vdused vdfriction vdon vdjoints vdin
vdthe vd1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: v d A
Ambroise vdParé vd(1515-1590) vdwas vda vdfamous vdFrench vdsurgeon vdwho vdwas vdamong
vdthe vdearliest vdindividuals vdin vdthis vdera vdto vddiscuss vdthe vdeffects vdof vdmassage. vdHe
vdused vdfriction vdto vdtreat vddislocated vdjoints vdand vdother vdorthopedic vdconditions.
12. Who vdwas vdthe vdfirst vdknown vdscientist vdto vddemonstrate vdthat vdblood vdcirculation
vddue vdto vdmuscular vdcontraction vdof vdthe vdheart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: v d C
English vdscientist vdWilliam vdHarvey vd(1578–1657) vddiscovered vdthe vdcirculation vdof
vdblood vdin vd1628, vdand vdhis vdwritings vddid vdmuch vdto vdpromote vdthe vdacceptance vdof
vdmassage vdas vda vdtreatment vdmeasure.
Harvey vdobserved vdthe vdhearts vdof vdliving vdanimals vdand vddetermined vdthat vdactive vdphase vdof
vdthe vdheart vdmuscular vdcontraction vd(systole) vdpumped vdblood vdthrough vdarteries vdand vdveins.
13. Who vddeveloped vdthe vdSwedish vdMovement vdCure, vdwhich vdincluded vdthe vduse vdof vdmassage?
a. Johann vdMezger
b. Pehr vdH. vdLing
c. George vdHenry vdTaylor
, d. John vdHarvey vdKellogg
ANS: v d B
Pehr vdHenrik vdLing vd(1776 vdto vd1839) vddeveloped vdhis vdown vdsystem vdof vdmassage vdand
vdexercises vdor vdgymnastics, vdthe vdlatter vdof vdwhich vdconsisted vdof vdfour vdtypes—educational,
vdmilitary, vdmedical, vdand vdesthetic. vdThis vdsystem vdwas vdcalled vdthe vdSwedish vdRemedial
vdMassage vdand vdExercise, vdthe vdSwedish vdMovement vdCure, vdor vdsimply vdthe vdLing vdsystem.
14. Which vdterm vddescribes vda vdcomponent vdof vdthe vdLing vdSystem?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai vdmassage
d. Swedish vdmassage
ANS: v d D
The vdterm vdSwedish vdmassage vdwas vdused vdto vddescribe vdthe vdmassage vdcomponent vdof
vdLing’s vdsystem. vdFor vdthis vdreason, vdLing vdis vdregarded vdas vdthe vdfather vdof
vdSwedish vdmassage.
15. Which vdindividual vdis vdcredited vdwith vdhaving vdintroduced vdFrench vdterms vdstill vdin
vduse vdto vddescribe vdmassage vdtechniques?
a. Johann vdMezger
b. William vdHarvey
c. Pehr vdH. vdLing
d. Charles vdTaylor
ANS: v d A
French vdwas vdthe vdinternational vdlanguage vdin vdthe vdnineteenth vdcentury. vdThe vdDutch
vdphysician vdJohann vdMezger vd(1838 vdto vd909) vdis vdcredited vdwith vdhaving vdintroduced vdthe
vdFrench vdterminology vdstill vdused vdto vddescribe vdmassage vdtechniques vd(e.g., vdeffleurage,
vdpétrissage, vdtapotement) vdwhich vdis vdstill vdused vdin vdmassage vdlegislation, vdmedical
vdinsurance vdbilling vdcodes, vdand vdmassage vdcurricula.
16. Who vdis vdthe vdfounder vdof vdmodern vdnursing, vdwhich vdincluded vdmassage vdas vdpart vdof vdcare?
a. Tiffany vdField
b. Florence vdNightingale
c. Charles vdFayette vdTaylor
d. John vdHarvey vdKellogg
ANS: v d B
Florence vdNightingale vd(1829 vdto vd1910) vdof vdEngland, vdfounder vdof vdmodern vdnursing,
vdtook vdcare vdof vdwounded vdsoldiers vdduring vdthe vdCrimean vdWar vd(1853 vdto vd1856).
vdShe vddeveloped vda vdstandard vdof vdcare vdfor vdpatients, vdand vdmassage vdwas vdan vdintegral
vdpart vdof vdcare. vdWhen vdnurse vdtraining vdwas vddeveloped, vdmassage vdwas vdincluded vdin
vdthe vdcurriculum vdand vdmassage vdwas vdprovided vdto vdpatients vdas vdpart vdof vdtheir vdcomfort
vdmeasures.
17. French vdphysician vdLucas-Championniere vdused vdmassage vdand vdexercise vdto vdtreat
vdsoldiers vdinjured vdduring vdwhich vdevent?
a. World vdWar vdI
b. World vdWar vdII
c. Civil vdWar
d. Viet vdNam vdWar
ANS: v d A
Chapter vd01: vdHistory vdof vdMassage: vdPrehistoric vdTimes vdto vdthe vdModern vdEra vdand
vdProfessional vdSocieties, vdOrganizations, vdand vdAssociations.
MULTIPLE vdCHOICE
1. Which vdmethod vdis vddefined vdas vdmanipulation vdof vdsoft vdtissue vdusing vdpressure
vdand vdtraction vdfor vdclinical, vdtherapeutic, vdand vdpalliative vdpurposes?
a. Acupuncture
b. Ayurveda
c. Polarity vdtherapy
d. Massage vdtherapy
ANS: v d D
Massage vdtherapy vdthe vdmanipulation vdof vdsoft vdtissue vdusing vdcompression vdand
vddecompression/traction vdfor vdclinical, vdtherapeutic, vdand vdpalliative vdpurposes vdor vdfor
vdwellness vdand vdself-care vdpurposes.
2. Which vdorigin vdfor vdthe vdword vdmassage vdis vdGreek?
a. Mashesh
b. Masso
c. Masser
d. Makeh
ANS: v d B
The vdorigin vdof vdthe vdword vdmassage vdis vdunclear, vdbut vdcan vdbe vdtraced vdto vdnumerous
vdsources: vdthe vdHebrew vdmashesh, vdthe vdGreek vdmasso vdand vdmassin, vdthe vdLatin vdmassa,
vdthe vdArabic vdmass’h, vdthe vdSanskrit vdmakeh, vdand vdthe vdFrench vdmasser.
3. When vdwas vdthe vdearliest vdthe vdterm vdmassage vdwas vdused vdby vdmost vdEuropean-based
vdcultures?
a. 1600s
b. 1700s
c. 1800s
d. 1900s
ANS: v d C
By vdthe vdearly vd1800s, vdthe vdterm vdmassage vdwas vdused vdby vdmost vdEuropean-based
vdcultures. vdHistorically, vdmassage vdwas vdreferred vdto vdby vdits vdtechniques vdsuch vdas
vdfriction vdor vdrubbing.
4. The vdfirst vdwritten vdrecords vdof vdmassage vddate vdback vdto vd3000 vdBCE vdin vdwhich vdcountry?
a. India
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Greece
ANS: v d B
Written vdrecords vdregarding vdthe vdpractice vdof vdmassage vdgo vdback vdto vd3000 vdBCE vdin
vdChina. vdAcupuncture vdwas vdnot vdmentioned vdin vdChinese vdwritings vduntil vd90 vdBCE.
5. Which vdwork vdis vdcommonly vdreferred vdto vdas vdthe vdclassic vdscripture vdof vdtraditional
vdChinese vdmedicine?
, a. Tao vdTe vdChing
b. Nei vdChing
c. Ayur-Veda
d. Corpus vdHippocraticum
ANS: v d B
At vdthe vdtime vdof vdHwang vdTi, vdvarious vdideas vdand vdbeliefs vdwere vdcompiled vdunder
vdthe vdname vdof vdthe vdYellow vdEmperor vd(died vdin vd2599 vdBCE) vdwhich vdbecame vdthe
vdclassic vdscripture vdof vdtraditional vdChinese vdmedicine vdknown vdas vdthe vdNei vdChang.
vdThe vdNei vdChang vdwas vdwritten vdabout vd2760 vdBCE, vdand vdthis vdwork vdcontains
vddetailed vddescriptions vdof vdmassage vdprocedures vdas vdwell vdas vdherbal vdmedicines.
6. What vdis vdthe vdoriginal vdmassage vdtechnique vdin vdChina vdand vdthe vdprecursor vdto
vdmanual vdand vdenergetic vdtherapies?
a. Polarity
b. Shiatsu
c. Acupuncture
d. Amma
ANS: v d D
Amma vdis vdregarded vdas vdthe vdoriginal vdmassage vdtechnique vdand vdprecursor vdto vdall
vdother vdChinese vdtherapies, vdmanual vdand vdenergetic.
7. Which vdhealing vdmethod vdis vdbased vdon vdHindu vdtradition?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Amma
d. Polarity
ANS: v d A
Knowledge vdof vdamma vdmassage vdtraveled vdto vdthe vdsubcontinent vdof vdIndia vdfrom vdChina,
vdand vdmassage vdbecame vdpart vdof vdHindu vdtradition. vdMassage vdis vddescribed vdin vdIndia’s
vdfirst vdgreat vdmedical vdtexts, vdthe vdAyurveda vdbooks vdof vdwisdom vd(about vd1800 vdBCE)
vdand vdrecommend vdmassage vdas vdan vdindispensable vdhealing vdprocedure.
8. Which vdmethod vdis vdJapanese vdbut vdbased vdon vdChinese vdmedicine vdconcepts, vdand vduses
vdpressure vdapplied vdfrom vdthe vdpractitioner’s vdthumbs, vdelbows, vdand vdother vdparts vdof
vdthe vdbody?
a. Ayurveda
b. Shiatsu
c. Massage
d. Amma
ANS: v d B
Shiatsu vdis vda vdJapanese vdmethod vdbased vdon vdthe vdsame vdtraditional vdChinese vdmedicine
vdconcepts vdas vdacupuncture vd—energy vdflows vdin vdthe vdbody vdthrough vdstreams vdcalled
vdchannels vdor vdmeridians.
Acupuncturists vduse vdneedles vdat vdspecific vdpoints vdto vdbalance vdthe vdflow vdof
vdenergy; vdshiatsu vdpractitioners vduse vdtheir vdfingers, vdthumbs, vdforearms, vdelbows, vdand
vdeven vdtheir vdknees vdand vdfeet.
9. Who vdis vdgenerally vdrecognized vdas vdthe vdfather vdof vdmodern vdWestern vdmedicine?
a. Galen
b. Celsus
c. Rhazes
, d. Hippocrates
ANS: v d D
Hippocrates vdwas vdknown vdto vdbe vda vdfine vdphysician, vdfounder vdof vda vdmedical vdschool,
vdauthor vdof vdnumerous vdbooks, vdand vdadvocated vdthe vduse vdof vdmassage vdor vd―rubbing.‖
vdThese vdworks vdare vdcollectively vdknown vdas vdthe vdCorpus vdHippocraticum, vdand
vdsummarized vdmuch vdof vdwhat vdwas vdknown vdabout vddisease vdand vdmedicine vdin vdthe
vdancient vdworld. vdHippocrates vdis vdgenerally vdrecognized vdas vdthe vdfather vdof vdmodern
vdWestern vdmedicine, vdand vdhe vdbelieved vdthat vdphysicians vdshould vdavoid vdcausing
vdharm vdto vdpatients.
10. Who vdwrote vdthe vdCanon vdof vdMedicine, vdthe vdmost vdfamous vdbook vdin vdthe vdhistory
vdof vdmedicine vdin vdboth vdthe vdEast vdand vdthe vdWest?
a. Rhazes
b. Celsus
c. Avicenna
d. Hippocrates
ANS: v d C
A vdtext vdentitled v d v d or vdCanon vdof vdMedicine vdwas vdwritten vdby
vdone vdof vdthe vdgreatest vdPersian vdphysicians vdof vdhis vdera, vdAvicenna vd(980-1037). vdHe
vdwas vdalso vdknown vdas vdIbn vdSina. vdThe vdCanon vdof vdMedicine vdis vdthe vdmost vdfamous
vdbook vdin vdthe vdhistory vdof vdmedicine vdin vdboth vdthe vdEast vdand vdthe vdWest.
11. Which vdindividual vddiscussed vdthe vdeffects vdof vdmassage vdand vdused vdfriction vdon vdjoints vdin
vdthe vd1500s?
a. Paré
b. Harvey
c. Galen
d. Mezger
ANS: v d A
Ambroise vdParé vd(1515-1590) vdwas vda vdfamous vdFrench vdsurgeon vdwho vdwas vdamong
vdthe vdearliest vdindividuals vdin vdthis vdera vdto vddiscuss vdthe vdeffects vdof vdmassage. vdHe
vdused vdfriction vdto vdtreat vddislocated vdjoints vdand vdother vdorthopedic vdconditions.
12. Who vdwas vdthe vdfirst vdknown vdscientist vdto vddemonstrate vdthat vdblood vdcirculation
vddue vdto vdmuscular vdcontraction vdof vdthe vdheart?
a. Paré
b. Galen
c. Harvey
d. Mezger
ANS: v d C
English vdscientist vdWilliam vdHarvey vd(1578–1657) vddiscovered vdthe vdcirculation vdof
vdblood vdin vd1628, vdand vdhis vdwritings vddid vdmuch vdto vdpromote vdthe vdacceptance vdof
vdmassage vdas vda vdtreatment vdmeasure.
Harvey vdobserved vdthe vdhearts vdof vdliving vdanimals vdand vddetermined vdthat vdactive vdphase vdof
vdthe vdheart vdmuscular vdcontraction vd(systole) vdpumped vdblood vdthrough vdarteries vdand vdveins.
13. Who vddeveloped vdthe vdSwedish vdMovement vdCure, vdwhich vdincluded vdthe vduse vdof vdmassage?
a. Johann vdMezger
b. Pehr vdH. vdLing
c. George vdHenry vdTaylor
, d. John vdHarvey vdKellogg
ANS: v d B
Pehr vdHenrik vdLing vd(1776 vdto vd1839) vddeveloped vdhis vdown vdsystem vdof vdmassage vdand
vdexercises vdor vdgymnastics, vdthe vdlatter vdof vdwhich vdconsisted vdof vdfour vdtypes—educational,
vdmilitary, vdmedical, vdand vdesthetic. vdThis vdsystem vdwas vdcalled vdthe vdSwedish vdRemedial
vdMassage vdand vdExercise, vdthe vdSwedish vdMovement vdCure, vdor vdsimply vdthe vdLing vdsystem.
14. Which vdterm vddescribes vda vdcomponent vdof vdthe vdLing vdSystem?
a. Shiatsu
b. Ayurveda
c. Thai vdmassage
d. Swedish vdmassage
ANS: v d D
The vdterm vdSwedish vdmassage vdwas vdused vdto vddescribe vdthe vdmassage vdcomponent vdof
vdLing’s vdsystem. vdFor vdthis vdreason, vdLing vdis vdregarded vdas vdthe vdfather vdof
vdSwedish vdmassage.
15. Which vdindividual vdis vdcredited vdwith vdhaving vdintroduced vdFrench vdterms vdstill vdin
vduse vdto vddescribe vdmassage vdtechniques?
a. Johann vdMezger
b. William vdHarvey
c. Pehr vdH. vdLing
d. Charles vdTaylor
ANS: v d A
French vdwas vdthe vdinternational vdlanguage vdin vdthe vdnineteenth vdcentury. vdThe vdDutch
vdphysician vdJohann vdMezger vd(1838 vdto vd909) vdis vdcredited vdwith vdhaving vdintroduced vdthe
vdFrench vdterminology vdstill vdused vdto vddescribe vdmassage vdtechniques vd(e.g., vdeffleurage,
vdpétrissage, vdtapotement) vdwhich vdis vdstill vdused vdin vdmassage vdlegislation, vdmedical
vdinsurance vdbilling vdcodes, vdand vdmassage vdcurricula.
16. Who vdis vdthe vdfounder vdof vdmodern vdnursing, vdwhich vdincluded vdmassage vdas vdpart vdof vdcare?
a. Tiffany vdField
b. Florence vdNightingale
c. Charles vdFayette vdTaylor
d. John vdHarvey vdKellogg
ANS: v d B
Florence vdNightingale vd(1829 vdto vd1910) vdof vdEngland, vdfounder vdof vdmodern vdnursing,
vdtook vdcare vdof vdwounded vdsoldiers vdduring vdthe vdCrimean vdWar vd(1853 vdto vd1856).
vdShe vddeveloped vda vdstandard vdof vdcare vdfor vdpatients, vdand vdmassage vdwas vdan vdintegral
vdpart vdof vdcare. vdWhen vdnurse vdtraining vdwas vddeveloped, vdmassage vdwas vdincluded vdin
vdthe vdcurriculum vdand vdmassage vdwas vdprovided vdto vdpatients vdas vdpart vdof vdtheir vdcomfort
vdmeasures.
17. French vdphysician vdLucas-Championniere vdused vdmassage vdand vdexercise vdto vdtreat
vdsoldiers vdinjured vdduring vdwhich vdevent?
a. World vdWar vdI
b. World vdWar vdII
c. Civil vdWar
d. Viet vdNam vdWar
ANS: v d A
