MDC 2 Exam 2
1. Fully compensated: pH normal
PaCO2 & HCO3 abnormal
2. partial compensation: -pH, CO2, and HCO3 are all off
-some compensation occurs but pH remains abnormal
3. Uncompensated: pH and one other value are abnormal.
4. Crystalloids- contain small particles that easily pass through a semi: perme- able
membrane. Crystalloids are classified as isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Choice for
treatment is based on patient condition and deficits.
5. Isotonic solutions: - increase intravascular volume and are used to treat fluid volume
deficits.
6. Hypotonic solutions: - increase intracellular volume and are used to treat intra- cellular
dehydration from conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemia
states.
7. Hypertonic solutions: - increases extracellular volume and used as a volume
expander.
8. Colloids: - contain large particles that do not pass through the semipermeable
membrane.
,9. Colloids are prescribed to: increase intravascular volume and are used to treat
malnourished patients and those not able to tolerate large fluid boluses.
10. What three regulating systems maintain PH?: Chemical Buffers
Respiratory System
Renal System
11. Ph Normal range: 7.35-7.45
12. Acidosis (PH) range: pH less than 7.35
13. Alkalosis (PH) range: pH greater than 7.45
14. pH: - affects critical body function such as cardiac contractility and tissue oxy-
genation.
15. PaO2: - affects oxygenation of vital organs and tissues
16. PaO2 Normal range: 80-100 mm Hg
17. PaO2 Hypoxemia: PaO2 less than 80 mm Hg
18. PaO2 Life threatening: PaO2 less than 40 mm Hg
19. PaCO2: - affects critical body function
20. PaCO2 Normal range: 35-45 mm Hg
21. PaCO2 Regulated by: the lungs
22. PaCO2 Imbalances reflect: a respiratory disorder
23. PaCO2 Acidosis: PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg
,24. PaCO2 Alkalosis: - PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg
25. HCO3: - Bicarbonate is a weak base that aides in buffering the blood
, 26. HCO3 Normal range: 22 - 26 mEq/L
27. HCO3 Regulated by: the kidneys
28. HCO3 Acidosis: HCO3 less than 22 mEQ/L
29. HCO3 Alkalosis: HCO3 greater than 26 mEq/L
30. Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis:
Assessment findings: EKG changes to include tall T waves, widened QRS, and prolonged
QRS
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Decreased level of consciousness
Decreased reflexes
Muscle weakness
Kussmaul respirations
Alterations in skin (respiratory - pale to cyanotic, dry skin; metabolic - warm, flushed dry sk
31. Respiratory and Metabolic Alkalosis:
Assessment findings: Tachycardia
Hypotension
Increased respiratory rate
Positive Chvostek's sign Positive
1. Fully compensated: pH normal
PaCO2 & HCO3 abnormal
2. partial compensation: -pH, CO2, and HCO3 are all off
-some compensation occurs but pH remains abnormal
3. Uncompensated: pH and one other value are abnormal.
4. Crystalloids- contain small particles that easily pass through a semi: perme- able
membrane. Crystalloids are classified as isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Choice for
treatment is based on patient condition and deficits.
5. Isotonic solutions: - increase intravascular volume and are used to treat fluid volume
deficits.
6. Hypotonic solutions: - increase intracellular volume and are used to treat intra- cellular
dehydration from conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemia
states.
7. Hypertonic solutions: - increases extracellular volume and used as a volume
expander.
8. Colloids: - contain large particles that do not pass through the semipermeable
membrane.
,9. Colloids are prescribed to: increase intravascular volume and are used to treat
malnourished patients and those not able to tolerate large fluid boluses.
10. What three regulating systems maintain PH?: Chemical Buffers
Respiratory System
Renal System
11. Ph Normal range: 7.35-7.45
12. Acidosis (PH) range: pH less than 7.35
13. Alkalosis (PH) range: pH greater than 7.45
14. pH: - affects critical body function such as cardiac contractility and tissue oxy-
genation.
15. PaO2: - affects oxygenation of vital organs and tissues
16. PaO2 Normal range: 80-100 mm Hg
17. PaO2 Hypoxemia: PaO2 less than 80 mm Hg
18. PaO2 Life threatening: PaO2 less than 40 mm Hg
19. PaCO2: - affects critical body function
20. PaCO2 Normal range: 35-45 mm Hg
21. PaCO2 Regulated by: the lungs
22. PaCO2 Imbalances reflect: a respiratory disorder
23. PaCO2 Acidosis: PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg
,24. PaCO2 Alkalosis: - PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg
25. HCO3: - Bicarbonate is a weak base that aides in buffering the blood
, 26. HCO3 Normal range: 22 - 26 mEq/L
27. HCO3 Regulated by: the kidneys
28. HCO3 Acidosis: HCO3 less than 22 mEQ/L
29. HCO3 Alkalosis: HCO3 greater than 26 mEq/L
30. Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis:
Assessment findings: EKG changes to include tall T waves, widened QRS, and prolonged
QRS
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Decreased level of consciousness
Decreased reflexes
Muscle weakness
Kussmaul respirations
Alterations in skin (respiratory - pale to cyanotic, dry skin; metabolic - warm, flushed dry sk
31. Respiratory and Metabolic Alkalosis:
Assessment findings: Tachycardia
Hypotension
Increased respiratory rate
Positive Chvostek's sign Positive
