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Chemistry class 12th Transition_Elements_Electronic_Configuration

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Transition elements have a general electronic configuration of . Their distinguishing feature is the gradual filling of the (n-1)d orbitals. The 3d, 4d, and 5d series correspond to periods 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Irregularities occur due to stability preferences, such as half-filled (d⁵) and fully filled (d¹⁰) configurations, seen in elements like chromium and copper . These configurations influence their variable oxidation states, colored ions, magnetic properties, and catalytic behavior, making transition metals essential in industrial and biological applications.

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Electronic Configurations of Outer Orbitals of Transition Elements


Period Element Symbol Atomic Number Outer Electronic Configuration

4 Scandium Sc 21 [Ar] 3d1 4s2

4 Titanium Ti 22 [Ar] 3d2 4s2

4 Vanadium V 23 [Ar] 3d3 4s2

4 Chromium Cr 24 [Ar] 3d5 4s1

4 Manganese Mn 25 [Ar] 3d5 4s2

4 Iron Fe 26 [Ar] 3d6 4s2

4 Cobalt Co 27 [Ar] 3d7 4s2

4 Nickel Ni 28 [Ar] 3d8 4s2

4 Copper Cu 29 [Ar] 3d10 4s1

4 Zinc Zn 30 [Ar] 3d10 4s2

5 Yttrium Y 39 [Kr] 4d1 5s2

5 Zirconium Zr 40 [Kr] 4d2 5s2

5 Niobium Nb 41 [Kr] 4d4 5s1

5 Molybdenum Mo 42 [Kr] 4d5 5s1

5 Technetium Tc 43 [Kr] 4d5 5s2

5 Ruthenium Ru 44 [Kr] 4d7 5s1

5 Rhodium Rh 45 [Kr] 4d8 5s1

5 Palladium Pd 46 [Kr] 4d10 5s0

5 Silver Ag 47 [Kr] 4d10 5s1

5 Cadmium Cd 48 [Kr] 4d10 5s2

6 Lanthanum La 57 [Xe] 5d1 6s2

6 Hafnium Hf 72 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2

6 Tantalum Ta 73 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2

6 Tungsten W 74 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2

6 Rhenium Re 75 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2

6 Osmium Os 76 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2

6 Iridium Ir 77 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2

6 Platinum Pt 78 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1

6 Gold Au 79 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1

6 Mercury Hg 80 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
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Ramashish Paul NCERT Examplar Chemistry Class 12th
Publisher: 2019 ISBN: 9789351764649 Edition: Unknown

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