NU 621
Advanced Pathophysiology
Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question: A patient presents with acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS). Which pathophysiological change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability
B. Bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity
C. Decreased pulmonary surfactant production
D. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
ANS: A
©2025
, Rationale: ARDS is characterized by increased alveolar-
capillary permeability, leading to pulmonary edema and impaired
gas exchange. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch and surfactant
dysfunction may occur secondarily.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The pathophysiological hallmark of Parkinson's
disease is the degeneration of ____________-producing neurons
in the substantia nigra.
ANS: dopamine
Rationale: Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the
substantia nigra affects motor control, resulting in tremors,
rigidity, and bradykinesia.
---
3. True/False
Question: Chronic venous insufficiency is primarily caused by
increased hydrostatic pressure and valvular incompetence in the
lower extremities.
©2025
, ANS: True
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency results from venous
valve dysfunction, leading to blood pooling, increased hydrostatic
pressure, and venous stasis.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question: Which clinical findings are characteristic of left-
sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
- A. Pulmonary edema
- B. Dyspnea
- C. Peripheral edema
- D. Orthopnea
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary
congestion, causing dyspnea, pulmonary edema, and orthopnea.
Peripheral edema is more typical of right-sided heart failure.
---
©2025
, 5. Multiple Choice
Question: In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), what
is the primary cause of anemia?
A. Nutritional deficiency of iron
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
C. Hemolysis of red blood cells
D. Bone marrow suppression by uremic toxins
ANS: B
Rationale: Anemia in CKD is caused by reduced erythropoietin
production, which is critical for red blood cell synthesis.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: A hallmark feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is
the accumulation of ____________, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
ANS: ketones
©2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Finals Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Multiple Choice
Question: A patient presents with acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS). Which pathophysiological change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability
B. Bronchial smooth muscle hyperreactivity
C. Decreased pulmonary surfactant production
D. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
ANS: A
©2025
, Rationale: ARDS is characterized by increased alveolar-
capillary permeability, leading to pulmonary edema and impaired
gas exchange. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch and surfactant
dysfunction may occur secondarily.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: The pathophysiological hallmark of Parkinson's
disease is the degeneration of ____________-producing neurons
in the substantia nigra.
ANS: dopamine
Rationale: Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the
substantia nigra affects motor control, resulting in tremors,
rigidity, and bradykinesia.
---
3. True/False
Question: Chronic venous insufficiency is primarily caused by
increased hydrostatic pressure and valvular incompetence in the
lower extremities.
©2025
, ANS: True
Rationale: Chronic venous insufficiency results from venous
valve dysfunction, leading to blood pooling, increased hydrostatic
pressure, and venous stasis.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question: Which clinical findings are characteristic of left-
sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
- A. Pulmonary edema
- B. Dyspnea
- C. Peripheral edema
- D. Orthopnea
ANS: A, B, D
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure leads to pulmonary
congestion, causing dyspnea, pulmonary edema, and orthopnea.
Peripheral edema is more typical of right-sided heart failure.
---
©2025
, 5. Multiple Choice
Question: In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), what
is the primary cause of anemia?
A. Nutritional deficiency of iron
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
C. Hemolysis of red blood cells
D. Bone marrow suppression by uremic toxins
ANS: B
Rationale: Anemia in CKD is caused by reduced erythropoietin
production, which is critical for red blood cell synthesis.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question: A hallmark feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is
the accumulation of ____________, resulting in metabolic
acidosis.
ANS: ketones
©2025
