NSG 320 EXAM 2
Stages of Atherosclerosis
1. chronic endothelial injury
2. fatty streak
3. fibrous plaque
4. complicated lesion
Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
age, gender, ethnicity, family history, genetics
Modifiable risk factors for CAD
Smoking, HTN, DM, obesity, diet, activity level, hyperlipidemia
Angina pectoris
-chest pain, is the clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia
-It is caused by either an increased demand for oxygen or a decreased supply of
oxygen
,Clinical manifestations of CAD causing stable chronic angina
-intermittent chest pain of the same nature
-few minutes in duration
-ST segment depression
-T wave inversion
-control with drugs
-provoked by physical exertion/stress/emotional upset
-pain at rest is unusual
-symptoms: dyspnea and fatigue
Angina indicates:
The heart is struggling to supply its own metabolic requirements
What are the 4 main types of angina?
1. Chronic stable
2. Prinzmetal's (variant)
3. Microvascular
4. Unstable
Are all instances of angina an emergency?
,Yes, they are all emergencies requiring assessment
Chronic stable angina
Occurs with stress or exercise, relieved with stress or nitroglycerin
Prinzmetal's (variant) angina
Occurs anytime, including at rest; caused by coronary artery spasms
Microvascular angina
distal coronary arteries, ADLs, more common in women
Unstable angina
Rupture of plaque, with exercise or at rest, increases with severity, duration, and
frequency
Where can MIs radiate to?
although most angina pain occurs substernal, it may radiate to other locations,
including the jaw, neck, shoulders, and/or arms
, Chief complaints for myocardial infarctions
-squeezing in the chest
-pressure/an elephant sitting on the chest
-pain from chest radiating to jaw, neck, left arm
-anxiety, sense of impending doom
-nausea, vomiting
-dizziness
-pale, cool, clammy skin
-tachycardia, palpations
-tachypnea, SOB
-decreasing LOC
What are we looking for in the labs with a patient with an MI?
Troponin blood test: measures the levels of blood proteins called troponins
Lab tests for MI
-myoglobin
-CK-MB
-Troponins
-lipids
Stages of Atherosclerosis
1. chronic endothelial injury
2. fatty streak
3. fibrous plaque
4. complicated lesion
Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD
age, gender, ethnicity, family history, genetics
Modifiable risk factors for CAD
Smoking, HTN, DM, obesity, diet, activity level, hyperlipidemia
Angina pectoris
-chest pain, is the clinical manifestation of myocardial ischemia
-It is caused by either an increased demand for oxygen or a decreased supply of
oxygen
,Clinical manifestations of CAD causing stable chronic angina
-intermittent chest pain of the same nature
-few minutes in duration
-ST segment depression
-T wave inversion
-control with drugs
-provoked by physical exertion/stress/emotional upset
-pain at rest is unusual
-symptoms: dyspnea and fatigue
Angina indicates:
The heart is struggling to supply its own metabolic requirements
What are the 4 main types of angina?
1. Chronic stable
2. Prinzmetal's (variant)
3. Microvascular
4. Unstable
Are all instances of angina an emergency?
,Yes, they are all emergencies requiring assessment
Chronic stable angina
Occurs with stress or exercise, relieved with stress or nitroglycerin
Prinzmetal's (variant) angina
Occurs anytime, including at rest; caused by coronary artery spasms
Microvascular angina
distal coronary arteries, ADLs, more common in women
Unstable angina
Rupture of plaque, with exercise or at rest, increases with severity, duration, and
frequency
Where can MIs radiate to?
although most angina pain occurs substernal, it may radiate to other locations,
including the jaw, neck, shoulders, and/or arms
, Chief complaints for myocardial infarctions
-squeezing in the chest
-pressure/an elephant sitting on the chest
-pain from chest radiating to jaw, neck, left arm
-anxiety, sense of impending doom
-nausea, vomiting
-dizziness
-pale, cool, clammy skin
-tachycardia, palpations
-tachypnea, SOB
-decreasing LOC
What are we looking for in the labs with a patient with an MI?
Troponin blood test: measures the levels of blood proteins called troponins
Lab tests for MI
-myoglobin
-CK-MB
-Troponins
-lipids
