NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 questions and
answers with solutions 2025
___________________________________________________________________
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay)
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post
exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell
Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine
Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow to the
site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines
Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive resistance
by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines
Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process. Cause
vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition
for singular.
Prostaglandins
,Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the arachidonic pathway.
Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
Chemotactic factors
Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of inflammation
Neutrophils
Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes
Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting
antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function
Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also increases the release
of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function
Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes growth and
stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function
Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes
muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function
Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement
Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability,
triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin
Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis, and it
increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
, Coagulation cascade
Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap
micro organisms.
COX1
Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection, platelet
aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2
Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever, renal
protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications
Protect gastric mucosa- prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t
cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose
Synthesis of prostaglandins
Non-selective NSAIDS
Inhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric ulceration, GI bleeds, edema, renal
impairment
ASA
Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins
Corticosteroids
Inhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation of prostaglandins, thromboxane
A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
Thromboxane
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
Vasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective one)
answers with solutions 2025
___________________________________________________________________
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay)
can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post
exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell
Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine
Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow to the
site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines
Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive resistance
by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines
Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process. Cause
vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition
for singular.
Prostaglandins
,Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the arachidonic pathway.
Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever.
Chemotactic factors
Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of inflammation
Neutrophils
Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes
Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting
antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function
Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also increases the release
of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function
Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes growth and
stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function
Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes
muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function
Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement
Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability,
triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin
Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis, and it
increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
, Coagulation cascade
Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap
micro organisms.
COX1
Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection, platelet
aggregation, fluid/electrolyte balance
COX2
Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever, renal
protection, tissue repair, reproduction development.
COX2 inhibitors- clinical implications
Protect gastric mucosa- prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t
cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal function , monitor labs.
Arachidonic pathway purpose
Synthesis of prostaglandins
Non-selective NSAIDS
Inhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric ulceration, GI bleeds, edema, renal
impairment
ASA
Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins
Corticosteroids
Inhibit phospholipase A2, preventing formation of prostaglandins, thromboxane
A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines
Thromboxane
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
Vasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective one)
