CHILD HEALTH NURSING UNIT – II THE HEALTHY CHILD LONG
ESSAY 2025
Q1. a. List the difference between growth and development
b. Explain the physical, psychosocial, psychosexual, intellectual and
language development of a school age child .
Ans : Difference
S.NO. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
1. Growth can be defined as the Development is defined as the growth
development of a person in age, process wherein a person develops in relation
height, weight, habits, etc. to physical, environmental, and social factors.
2. Growth is a process that focuses on Development focuses on both qualitative and
quantitative improvement. For quantitative refinement. For instance, a child's
instance, a child visibly grows in IQ increases with the growing age.
weight and height.
3. Growth is limited to a certain level, On the other hand, a person is developing
i.e., a person's height grows till a every single day in terms of his/ her habits,
certain age. maturity level, IQ, etc.
4. Growth depends upon the cellular Development is basically dependent upon
changes, organizational growth.
5. Growth can be considered as physical Development is considered as a gradual
growth that is seen from one stage to change in skill-sets, behaviour, habits, etc.
another.
6. Growth is an external process. Development is an internal process.
7. Growth changes the physical changes On the other hand, development changes the
of a person. character of a person.
8. Growth is limited, i.e., it happens till a Development takes place throughout life, i.e.,
particular point in time. it doesn't depend upon time or age.
9. Growth focuses on only one aspect, Development focuses on various aspects like
i.e., an increase in the child's size. interpersonal skills, intelligence, etc.
10. Growth is structural. Development is considered as functional.
11. Growth is influenced by development. Development is not dependent upon growth.
1
,School Age Child (6 – 12 years)
A. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Biological growth
• Co-ordination and muscle control increases as gross and fine motor skills are
perfected
Weight and Height
• Boys tend to gain slightly more weight is 17 . 5 to 25 . 5 kg
• Height gain is similar for both boys and girls is 110 to 124 cm .
Dentition
• The permanent teeth erupt in the order in which the primary teeth are lost .
B. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage: Sense of Accomplishment, Industry Vs Inferiority
Sense of Accomplishment
• Children desire to engage in tasks in the real world.
• They are internally motivated to put effort on purposeful activity.
• They enjoy , doing socially useful tasks for others that they want to do things
and to learn to do them well .
Sense of Inferiority
• It results , If children fail in their attempt to separate psychologically from their
primary care giver .
• If they fails to achieve goals and mastery over skills then they fail inferiority
about themselves .
C. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage: Latency Period
• 8 to 11 years children begin to perceive sex roles in a near adult fashion .
• Questions about one’s sexuality continue
• Boys and girls should be informed about the reproductive cycle .
• School children should be given separate rooms for sleeping .
• Sex education is concerned with developing a healthy attitude about sexuality .
2
, • Providing children with interesting activities will decrease amount of sex play
in their group .
D. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
6 years old child is still in Piaget’s preoperational stage.
• Able to understand the abstract, this child begins to learn, to read, to write and
to do arithmetic.
Concrete operational stage ( 7 – 11 years )
It is characterized by
• Thinking
• Imagination to expand and understand world
• Language
Ordering
• Are able to arrange things based on their size and relationship.
Thinking and Reasoning
• They can solve problems
Time
• They can think present , past and future .
E. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
• Language is both a means of communication and a reflection of the child’s
thinking process .
• Perceiving how another person feels in a situation, the school child is able to
cooperate with peers and adults .
• Equipped with expanding cognitive ability and ability to communicate it .
Q2. a. Define growth and development
b. Explain the physical , psychosocial , cognitive and language
development of an infant .
Ans : Definition
• Growth can be defined as increase in the physical size of the body and its
structures .
Example : Height and Weight
3
, • Development can be defined as increase in skill and capacity to function .
Example : Thinking , Emotions , Intelligence etc.
INFANT
The period of age is from birth to 1 year .
A. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Weight is 8 to 9 kg by 1 year
• Height is 50 to 55 cm
• Head circumference is 40 cm
• Chest circumference is 40 cm
• Mid-arm circumference is 12 cm .
• Reflexes , primitive reflex governs movements , well developed sucking ,
rooting , swallowing and extortion reflexes .
• Two lower central incisors erupt and begins to bite and chew .
• Upper central incisors erupt and lower lateral incisors erupt .
• Upper lateral incisors are erupt .
B. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• According to Erik Erikson Trust Vs Mistrust .
SENSE OF TRUST
• Child develops Sense of Trust towards mother or care giver from others .
• Child recognizes and smiles in response to caregiver’s.
• Smiles at self , begins to discriminate family members from strangers.
• Affection towards family members appears .
• Stops crying when familiar person approaches .
• Responds specially to own name .
SENSE OF MISTRUST
• Child develops sense of mistrust towards strangers or unknown persons.
• Greets strangers with bashful behavior , turning away , crying or even
screaming .
• Sticking tongue out , knows what is liked and disliked .
• Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.
C. COGNITIVE OR INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
4
ESSAY 2025
Q1. a. List the difference between growth and development
b. Explain the physical, psychosocial, psychosexual, intellectual and
language development of a school age child .
Ans : Difference
S.NO. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
1. Growth can be defined as the Development is defined as the growth
development of a person in age, process wherein a person develops in relation
height, weight, habits, etc. to physical, environmental, and social factors.
2. Growth is a process that focuses on Development focuses on both qualitative and
quantitative improvement. For quantitative refinement. For instance, a child's
instance, a child visibly grows in IQ increases with the growing age.
weight and height.
3. Growth is limited to a certain level, On the other hand, a person is developing
i.e., a person's height grows till a every single day in terms of his/ her habits,
certain age. maturity level, IQ, etc.
4. Growth depends upon the cellular Development is basically dependent upon
changes, organizational growth.
5. Growth can be considered as physical Development is considered as a gradual
growth that is seen from one stage to change in skill-sets, behaviour, habits, etc.
another.
6. Growth is an external process. Development is an internal process.
7. Growth changes the physical changes On the other hand, development changes the
of a person. character of a person.
8. Growth is limited, i.e., it happens till a Development takes place throughout life, i.e.,
particular point in time. it doesn't depend upon time or age.
9. Growth focuses on only one aspect, Development focuses on various aspects like
i.e., an increase in the child's size. interpersonal skills, intelligence, etc.
10. Growth is structural. Development is considered as functional.
11. Growth is influenced by development. Development is not dependent upon growth.
1
,School Age Child (6 – 12 years)
A. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Biological growth
• Co-ordination and muscle control increases as gross and fine motor skills are
perfected
Weight and Height
• Boys tend to gain slightly more weight is 17 . 5 to 25 . 5 kg
• Height gain is similar for both boys and girls is 110 to 124 cm .
Dentition
• The permanent teeth erupt in the order in which the primary teeth are lost .
B. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage: Sense of Accomplishment, Industry Vs Inferiority
Sense of Accomplishment
• Children desire to engage in tasks in the real world.
• They are internally motivated to put effort on purposeful activity.
• They enjoy , doing socially useful tasks for others that they want to do things
and to learn to do them well .
Sense of Inferiority
• It results , If children fail in their attempt to separate psychologically from their
primary care giver .
• If they fails to achieve goals and mastery over skills then they fail inferiority
about themselves .
C. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage: Latency Period
• 8 to 11 years children begin to perceive sex roles in a near adult fashion .
• Questions about one’s sexuality continue
• Boys and girls should be informed about the reproductive cycle .
• School children should be given separate rooms for sleeping .
• Sex education is concerned with developing a healthy attitude about sexuality .
2
, • Providing children with interesting activities will decrease amount of sex play
in their group .
D. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
6 years old child is still in Piaget’s preoperational stage.
• Able to understand the abstract, this child begins to learn, to read, to write and
to do arithmetic.
Concrete operational stage ( 7 – 11 years )
It is characterized by
• Thinking
• Imagination to expand and understand world
• Language
Ordering
• Are able to arrange things based on their size and relationship.
Thinking and Reasoning
• They can solve problems
Time
• They can think present , past and future .
E. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
• Language is both a means of communication and a reflection of the child’s
thinking process .
• Perceiving how another person feels in a situation, the school child is able to
cooperate with peers and adults .
• Equipped with expanding cognitive ability and ability to communicate it .
Q2. a. Define growth and development
b. Explain the physical , psychosocial , cognitive and language
development of an infant .
Ans : Definition
• Growth can be defined as increase in the physical size of the body and its
structures .
Example : Height and Weight
3
, • Development can be defined as increase in skill and capacity to function .
Example : Thinking , Emotions , Intelligence etc.
INFANT
The period of age is from birth to 1 year .
A. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Weight is 8 to 9 kg by 1 year
• Height is 50 to 55 cm
• Head circumference is 40 cm
• Chest circumference is 40 cm
• Mid-arm circumference is 12 cm .
• Reflexes , primitive reflex governs movements , well developed sucking ,
rooting , swallowing and extortion reflexes .
• Two lower central incisors erupt and begins to bite and chew .
• Upper central incisors erupt and lower lateral incisors erupt .
• Upper lateral incisors are erupt .
B. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• According to Erik Erikson Trust Vs Mistrust .
SENSE OF TRUST
• Child develops Sense of Trust towards mother or care giver from others .
• Child recognizes and smiles in response to caregiver’s.
• Smiles at self , begins to discriminate family members from strangers.
• Affection towards family members appears .
• Stops crying when familiar person approaches .
• Responds specially to own name .
SENSE OF MISTRUST
• Child develops sense of mistrust towards strangers or unknown persons.
• Greets strangers with bashful behavior , turning away , crying or even
screaming .
• Sticking tongue out , knows what is liked and disliked .
• Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.
C. COGNITIVE OR INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
4
