,
,Principles of Data Science
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
DR. SHAUN V. AULT, VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY
DR. SOOHYUN NAM LIAO, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO
LARRY MUSOLINO, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
, OpenStax
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
©2025 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Under this license, any
user of this textbook or the textbook contents herein can share, remix, and build upon the content for
noncommercial purposes only. Any adaptations must be shared under the same type of license. In any case of
sharing the original or adapted material, whether in whole or in part, the user must provide proper attribution
as follows:
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“Access for free at openstax.org.”
- If you noncommercially redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every
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- If you noncommercially redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format
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- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, please include
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COLOR PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 979-8-3851-6185-0
B&W PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 979-8-3851-6186-7
DIGITAL VERSION ISBN-13 978-1-961584-60-0
ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2025
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CJP 25
,Principles of Data Science
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
DR. SHAUN V. AULT, VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY
DR. SOOHYUN NAM LIAO, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO
LARRY MUSOLINO, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
, OpenStax
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
©2025 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution Non-Commercial ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Under this license, any
user of this textbook or the textbook contents herein can share, remix, and build upon the content for
noncommercial purposes only. Any adaptations must be shared under the same type of license. In any case of
sharing the original or adapted material, whether in whole or in part, the user must provide proper attribution
as follows:
- If you noncommercially redistribute this textbook in a digital format (including but not limited to PDF and
HTML), then you must retain on every page the following attribution:
“Access for free at openstax.org.”
- If you noncommercially redistribute this textbook in a print format, then you must include on every
physical page the following attribution:
“Access for free at openstax.org.”
- If you noncommercially redistribute part of this textbook, then you must retain in every digital format
page view (including but not limited to PDF and HTML) and on every physical printed page the following
attribution:
“Access for free at openstax.org.”
- If you use this textbook as a bibliographic reference, please include
https://openstax.org/details/books/principles-data-science in your citation.
For questions regarding this licensing, please contact .
Trademarks
The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
OpenStax Tutor name, Openstax Tutor logo, Connexions name, Connexions logo, Rice University name, and
Rice University logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express
written consent of Rice University.
Kendall Hunt and the Kendall Hunt Logo are trademarks of Kendall Hunt. The Kendall Hunt mark is registered
in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. These trademarks may not be used without the prior
and express written consent of Kendall Hunt.
COLOR PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 979-8-3851-6185-0
B&W PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 979-8-3851-6186-7
DIGITAL VERSION ISBN-13 978-1-961584-60-0
ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2025
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CJP 25
