HKR 3300 EXAM SOLVED COMPLETELY 2025

speed-accuracy trade-off - when both speed and accuracy are essential to perform the skill; i.e., when speed is emphasized, accuracy is reduced and vice-versa Fitt's Law - a human performance law specifying the movement time for an aiming movement when the distance to move and the target size are known open-loop control - process that occurs at movement initiation and moves limb into the vicinity of the target; without feedback closed-loop control - process that occurs at movement termination in which feedback from vision and proprioception at the end of movement ensure target is hit accurately preparation phase - movement phase in which the regulatory conditions of environmental context are assessed initial flight phase - movement phase in which we monitor limb displacement and velocity; shift gaze to keyhole at 50% time-to-contact termination phase - movement phase in which we provide spatial-temporal info to correct movement accuracy errors to ensure target is reached prehension - general term for actions involving reaching for and grasping of objects; three components: transport, grasp, object manipulation reflex chain - a neural network that controls a sequence of responses based on the sensory feedback provided by each element in the sequence half-center hypothesis - hypothesis by Graham Brown stating that the spinal cord possessed spinal centers capable of intrinsically instigating flexor and extensor movements without descending and/or sensory input central pattern generators (CPG) - neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that produce rhythmic alternating activity in the extensor and flexor motorneurons (locomotion) accomplished by phasic barrages of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to motorneurons Spontaneous gait transitions - an important motor control characteristic of locomotion in which people spontaneously change from walking to running gait (and vice-versa) at critical speed action preparation - the activity that occurs between the intention to perform an action and the initiation of that action; sometimes, the term motor programming is used to refer to this preparation activity reaction time - the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus (preparation time) Hick's Law - a law of human performance stating that RT will increase logarithmically as the number of stimulus-response choices increases precue - an advance indication that a specific upcoming event will require a response cost-benefit trade-off - the cost (in terms of slower RT) and benefit (in terms of faster RT) that occur as a result of biasing the preparation of an action in favor of one of several possible actions (as opposed to preparing as if each possible action were equally probable) stroop effect - spatial arrangement of stimuli and their associated response mechanisms stimulus-response compatibility - the extent to which a stimulus and its required response are naturally related; the degree of relatedness affects reaction time foreperiod - in a reaction time paradigm, the time interval between a warning signal and the go signal, or stimulus psychological refractory period (PRP) - a delay period during which a person seems to put planned action "on hold" while executing a previously initiated action vigilance - the long term maintenance of alertness in a performance situation in which stimuli requiring a response occur infrequently postural preparation - organization of movements needed for postural support rhythmicity preparation - consistent pre-performance rituals aid in success; practicing components of the desired movement and help to prepare relative timing of upcoming movements force control - object control characteristic in which the nervous system adjusts before beginning a movement end-state comfort control - object control characteristic in which we grasp objects based on what we plan to do with them performance - the behavioural act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation; observable behaviour learning - change in the capability of a person to perform the skill; it must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience and is not directly observable stability - the influence on skill performance of perturbations, which are internal or external conditions that can disrupt performance performance curves - line graph describing performance by plotting performance measures across practice trials or periods of time that provide evidence of improvement and consistency retention tests - tests of a practice skill that a learner performs following an interval of time after practice has ceased to assess permanence of the performance level achieved during practice kinematic performance curves - graph to assess improvement and consistency, presented per trial or blocks (i.e., sets) of trials transfer tests - tests that assess the adaptability of what was learned during practice and can involve performing the practiced skill in a context of a situation different from practice or performing a skill that is a novel variation of the practiced skill coordination dynamics - involves measurement and observation of movement coordination characteristics and allows observation of pattern stability and transition from one pattern to another performance plateau - while learning a skill, a period of time in which the learner experiences no improvement after having experienced consistent improvement; typically, the learner then experiences further improvement with continued practice motor learning - relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience neural modifiability - Changes in synaptic efficiency - persisting changes - changes in synaptic connections parallel continuum of learning - short-term changes -- persisting changes -- long-term changes synapse - a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next through neurotransmitters to neuroreceptors; the primary way in which a neuron influences another cell presynaptic terminal - end point where an axon releases chemicals postsynaptic cell - the neuron, muscle, or gland cell that receives the signal from a neuron. chemical synaptic transmission - release of a chemical at a synapse whereby one cell influences another postsynaptic potential (PSP) - a voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, resulting in the postsynaptic membrane potential being more positive than the resting membrane potential; moving the membrane potential closer to the threshold inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - a slight hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic cell, resulting in the postsynaptic membrane potential being more negative than the resting membrane potential; moving the membrane potential of that cell further from the threshold habituation - decrease in a response to a benign stimulus long-term potentiation - the idea that long-term changes, including the synthesis of new proteins and growth of new synaptic connections, resulting in a maintained response and memory of specific, repetitive stimuli Fitts and Posner 3 stage model - model that proposes that motor skill learning involves three stages: cognitive stage, associative stage (refining) and autonomous stage cognitive stage - the first stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; beginner focuses on solving cognitively-oriented problems associative stage - the second stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; person has learned to associate cues from the environment with required movements which works to refine performance to be more consistent autonomous stage - the third stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; final stage where performance of the skill is automatic (in terms of attention demanded Gentile's Two Stage Model - model that proposes that motor skill learning progresses through two stages: initial stage and later stages fixation - the learners goal in the second stage of learning in Gentile's model for learning closed skills in which lea