1
NSG223
NSG223/ NSG 223 EXAM 1: (NEW 2025/ 2026
UPDATE) MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II REVIEW|
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(VERIFIED SOLUTIONS)
1. Aortic Stenosis: Pathophysiology: The heart's aortic valve
narrows which reduces or blocks blood flow from your heart, into the
aorta, and to the rest of the body.
2. Aortic Stenosis: Clinical Manifestations: - patients usually first
have exertional dyspnea
- Angina pectoris is a frequent symptom
- Pulse pressure may be low (30 mm Hg or less) because of
diminished blood flow. 14. Aortic Stenosis: Assessment and
Diagnostic Findings: a loud, harsh systolic murmur may be heard
over the aortic area, right second intercostal space, and may radiate
to the carotid arteries and apex of the left ventricle.
3. Mitral Valve Prolapse: Medical Management: - Medical
management is directed at controlling symptoms.
NSG223
,- the patient is advised to eliminate caffeine and alcohol from the diet
and to stop the use of tobacco products. - antiarrhythmic medications.
- Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended prior to dental or
invasive procedures
- calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers to control chest pains and
palpitations 4. Mitral valve regurgitation: Medical Management:
benefit from afterload reduction (arterial dilation) by treatment with:
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as captopril,
enalapril lisinopril
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan or valsartan
- beta-blockers such as carvedilol
5. Mitral valve stenosis: Medical Management: - anticoagulants to
decrease the risk of developing atrial thrombus
- If atrial fibrillation develops, cardioversion is attempted to restore
normal sinus rhythm. If unsuccessful, the ventricular rate is controlled
with beta-blockers, digoxin, or calcium channel blockers;
,- Patients with mitral stenosis are advised to avoid strenuous
activities, competitive sports, and pregnancy,
6. Prevention: Mitral valve stenosis:: - Long term antibiotics
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent rheumatic fever with
rheumatic carditis may require 10 or more years of antibiotic
coverage 19. Aortic Regurgitation: Medical management
Prevention:: - Antibiotics for bacterial infections
- Symptomatic: avoid physical exertion, competitive sports, and
isometric exercises - Sodium restriction
7. Aortic stenosis: Medical management: - surgical replacement of
the aortic valve.
8. Surgical care for Mitral valve regurgitation:: - Valve replacement
or repair
9. Surgical care for Mitral valve stenosis: - Valvuloplasty
- Valve replacement
10. Surgical care for Aortic valve stenosis:: - Left side
catheterization
, - Surgical replacement
11. Valve Replacement Anticoagulant care: - COUMADIN: 2 and 3.5
for mitral valve replacement and 1.8 and 2.2 for aortic valve
replacement.
12. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: - Captopril, the
prototype ACE inhibitor, and other drugs in this class as first-line
agents for treating hypertension to reduce vasoconstriction
13. Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine (Norvasc) and
Diltiazem
(Cardizem): Obstructs the movement of calcium causing slower
conduction through the SA and AV nodes
- Slows HR
- Decreases strength on contractility
- Decreases workload of the heart
14. Beta blockers: Lopressor- Metoprolol and Atenolol: Selective
beta-blocker: Slows down the heart which allows it to put less pressure
on the body's blood vessels
NSG223
NSG223/ NSG 223 EXAM 1: (NEW 2025/ 2026
UPDATE) MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING II REVIEW|
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(VERIFIED SOLUTIONS)
1. Aortic Stenosis: Pathophysiology: The heart's aortic valve
narrows which reduces or blocks blood flow from your heart, into the
aorta, and to the rest of the body.
2. Aortic Stenosis: Clinical Manifestations: - patients usually first
have exertional dyspnea
- Angina pectoris is a frequent symptom
- Pulse pressure may be low (30 mm Hg or less) because of
diminished blood flow. 14. Aortic Stenosis: Assessment and
Diagnostic Findings: a loud, harsh systolic murmur may be heard
over the aortic area, right second intercostal space, and may radiate
to the carotid arteries and apex of the left ventricle.
3. Mitral Valve Prolapse: Medical Management: - Medical
management is directed at controlling symptoms.
NSG223
,- the patient is advised to eliminate caffeine and alcohol from the diet
and to stop the use of tobacco products. - antiarrhythmic medications.
- Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended prior to dental or
invasive procedures
- calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers to control chest pains and
palpitations 4. Mitral valve regurgitation: Medical Management:
benefit from afterload reduction (arterial dilation) by treatment with:
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as captopril,
enalapril lisinopril
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) such as losartan or valsartan
- beta-blockers such as carvedilol
5. Mitral valve stenosis: Medical Management: - anticoagulants to
decrease the risk of developing atrial thrombus
- If atrial fibrillation develops, cardioversion is attempted to restore
normal sinus rhythm. If unsuccessful, the ventricular rate is controlled
with beta-blockers, digoxin, or calcium channel blockers;
,- Patients with mitral stenosis are advised to avoid strenuous
activities, competitive sports, and pregnancy,
6. Prevention: Mitral valve stenosis:: - Long term antibiotics
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent rheumatic fever with
rheumatic carditis may require 10 or more years of antibiotic
coverage 19. Aortic Regurgitation: Medical management
Prevention:: - Antibiotics for bacterial infections
- Symptomatic: avoid physical exertion, competitive sports, and
isometric exercises - Sodium restriction
7. Aortic stenosis: Medical management: - surgical replacement of
the aortic valve.
8. Surgical care for Mitral valve regurgitation:: - Valve replacement
or repair
9. Surgical care for Mitral valve stenosis: - Valvuloplasty
- Valve replacement
10. Surgical care for Aortic valve stenosis:: - Left side
catheterization
, - Surgical replacement
11. Valve Replacement Anticoagulant care: - COUMADIN: 2 and 3.5
for mitral valve replacement and 1.8 and 2.2 for aortic valve
replacement.
12. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: - Captopril, the
prototype ACE inhibitor, and other drugs in this class as first-line
agents for treating hypertension to reduce vasoconstriction
13. Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine (Norvasc) and
Diltiazem
(Cardizem): Obstructs the movement of calcium causing slower
conduction through the SA and AV nodes
- Slows HR
- Decreases strength on contractility
- Decreases workload of the heart
14. Beta blockers: Lopressor- Metoprolol and Atenolol: Selective
beta-blocker: Slows down the heart which allows it to put less pressure
on the body's blood vessels
