PHM 431 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Drug dependence is associated with? - Answer-drug withdrawal
All drugs can create ____________, but not all drugs create ____________ - Answer-
dependence, addiction
Biological state that develops as result of tolerance to drug effects, involves a resetting
of mechanisms maintaining homeostasis - Answer-physical dependence
Monitoring the Future Study - Answer-study of drug use patterns among US teenagers,
tracks drug use in a sample of US teens on a yearly basis
In the MTF study, we saw an ________ trend between perceived health risk & use of
the drug - Answer-inverse
Drugs are _______ likely to be addictive if they reliably produce euphoria or pleasant
feelings - Answer-more
(drug intake/euphoria is reinforcing as the subject wishes to take the drug repeatedly)
Drug _________ can lead to addiction, but does not equal addiction - Answer-
dependence
Occurs when drug administration stops & homeostasis is disrupted, signs/symptoms are
generally opposite to the responses caused by drug administration - Answer-withdrawal
symptoms
What reinforces drug intake/potentiates addiction? (3) - Answer-1. euphoria
2. avoidance of withdrawal
3. withdrawal symptoms
Development of addiction & dependence are associated with changes in ___________,
these changes can persist for _____________________ - Answer-gene expression,
month to years
Hydrophilic - Answer-water loving, polar
Hydrophobic - Answer-water hating, nonpolar
Cell membranes are... - Answer-semi-permeable
, Semi-permeable lipid bilayer allows passage of ______________ molecules and limits
passage of ____________ molecules - Answer-nonpolar/hydrophobic
polar/hydrophilic
polar heads facing aqueous environment, hydrophobic tails facing each other
Describes how the action of a drug is time & space dependent - Answer-
pharmacokinetics
Routes of drug administration (2 major, 5 sub) - Answer-1. Enteral (via GI tract) -- oral &
sublingual
2. Parenteral (not via GI tract) -- intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular
Oral advantages (1) - Answer-easy & convenient for most drugs/patients
Oral disadvantages (4) - Answer-1. Time of onset of effect is slow & peak
concentrations are reduced due to the first pass effect (occurs b.c blood supply draining
the GI tract flows thru the liver which has lots of enzymes that metabolize/degrade
substances)
2. Morphine & heroin are victims to a large first pass effect, which limits their
effectiveness after oral administration
3. Difficult to achieve a high or stable plasma (blood) [ ]
4. Some drugs cannot be administered orally b.c they are poorly absorbed or easily
degraded in the acidic environment of the stomach
Sublingual -- what is it & examples? - Answer-Drugs taken as tablets held in the mouth
or under the tongue
ex: nitroglycerin for angina relief, nicotine chewing gum
Sublingual advantages (4) - Answer-1. No first pass effect b.c the liver is by-passed
2. Blood supply to mouth is good
3. Absorption is rapid
4. Oral pH is neutral & drugs may be more stable
Sublingual disadvantages (3) - Answer-1. Holding dose in mouth is inconvenient
2. Only small doses can be used
2. Erratic absorption/not well accepted
Intravenous (IV) advantages (3) - Answer-1. Drugs may be given into a peripheral vein
over 1 to 2 mins, maybe longer by infusion
2. Rapid onset of drug action (important for situations that require instantaneous drug
action--epileptic seizures, acute asthma attack, cardiac arrhythmias)
3. Whole dose is delivered to bloodstream, no first pass effect
Intravenous (IV) disadvantages (3) - Answer-1. Difficulty finding a vein, due to rapid
response
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Drug dependence is associated with? - Answer-drug withdrawal
All drugs can create ____________, but not all drugs create ____________ - Answer-
dependence, addiction
Biological state that develops as result of tolerance to drug effects, involves a resetting
of mechanisms maintaining homeostasis - Answer-physical dependence
Monitoring the Future Study - Answer-study of drug use patterns among US teenagers,
tracks drug use in a sample of US teens on a yearly basis
In the MTF study, we saw an ________ trend between perceived health risk & use of
the drug - Answer-inverse
Drugs are _______ likely to be addictive if they reliably produce euphoria or pleasant
feelings - Answer-more
(drug intake/euphoria is reinforcing as the subject wishes to take the drug repeatedly)
Drug _________ can lead to addiction, but does not equal addiction - Answer-
dependence
Occurs when drug administration stops & homeostasis is disrupted, signs/symptoms are
generally opposite to the responses caused by drug administration - Answer-withdrawal
symptoms
What reinforces drug intake/potentiates addiction? (3) - Answer-1. euphoria
2. avoidance of withdrawal
3. withdrawal symptoms
Development of addiction & dependence are associated with changes in ___________,
these changes can persist for _____________________ - Answer-gene expression,
month to years
Hydrophilic - Answer-water loving, polar
Hydrophobic - Answer-water hating, nonpolar
Cell membranes are... - Answer-semi-permeable
, Semi-permeable lipid bilayer allows passage of ______________ molecules and limits
passage of ____________ molecules - Answer-nonpolar/hydrophobic
polar/hydrophilic
polar heads facing aqueous environment, hydrophobic tails facing each other
Describes how the action of a drug is time & space dependent - Answer-
pharmacokinetics
Routes of drug administration (2 major, 5 sub) - Answer-1. Enteral (via GI tract) -- oral &
sublingual
2. Parenteral (not via GI tract) -- intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular
Oral advantages (1) - Answer-easy & convenient for most drugs/patients
Oral disadvantages (4) - Answer-1. Time of onset of effect is slow & peak
concentrations are reduced due to the first pass effect (occurs b.c blood supply draining
the GI tract flows thru the liver which has lots of enzymes that metabolize/degrade
substances)
2. Morphine & heroin are victims to a large first pass effect, which limits their
effectiveness after oral administration
3. Difficult to achieve a high or stable plasma (blood) [ ]
4. Some drugs cannot be administered orally b.c they are poorly absorbed or easily
degraded in the acidic environment of the stomach
Sublingual -- what is it & examples? - Answer-Drugs taken as tablets held in the mouth
or under the tongue
ex: nitroglycerin for angina relief, nicotine chewing gum
Sublingual advantages (4) - Answer-1. No first pass effect b.c the liver is by-passed
2. Blood supply to mouth is good
3. Absorption is rapid
4. Oral pH is neutral & drugs may be more stable
Sublingual disadvantages (3) - Answer-1. Holding dose in mouth is inconvenient
2. Only small doses can be used
2. Erratic absorption/not well accepted
Intravenous (IV) advantages (3) - Answer-1. Drugs may be given into a peripheral vein
over 1 to 2 mins, maybe longer by infusion
2. Rapid onset of drug action (important for situations that require instantaneous drug
action--epileptic seizures, acute asthma attack, cardiac arrhythmias)
3. Whole dose is delivered to bloodstream, no first pass effect
Intravenous (IV) disadvantages (3) - Answer-1. Difficulty finding a vein, due to rapid
response
