Geography Paper 2 - Exam Questions
With Assured Answers
Give two pull factors that encourage people to move to urban areas in LICs/NEEs. [2 marks] -
ANSBetter healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better paid jobs, wider
range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of living.
Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges. [4 marks] - ANS- Many
LIC/NEE cities are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase and rural to urban migration,
which makes it difficult for enough facilities to be provided to all the people.
- The new migrants to the city may have very little money and they have to build their own houses
from waste material. They cannot afford to build their own toilets.
- Many people have to use the toilets, which means they soon get dirty, and disease can spread
easily.
- The slums/squatter settlements are unplanned and sometimes illegal and so may not have sewers
or clean water pipes.
- LIC/NEE governments may lack the money to build sufficient toilets or to maintain them / ensure
they are safe.
- There may be a charge for using public toilets, which people in poverty cannot afford - so they are
forced to go in the street instead, spreading disease.
- Many children die from diseases caught by living in unsanitary conditions.
Outline one advantage of recycling waste. [2 marks] - ANS- Reduces amount going to landfill (1)
which cuts the amount of land needed to bury waste (1)
- Saves resources (1) as new materials do not have to be found to replace those thrown away (1)
- Reduction in energy consumption (1) as recycling is a less energy intensive process (1)
Assess the importance of managing transport as part of urban sustainability. [6 marks] - ANS- A wide
range of schemes might be mentioned, e.g. congestion charging, road pricing, low emission zones,
car sharing, parking restrictions, park and ride schemes, quota schemes for car ownership, petrol
pricing, promoting and improving public transport.
- Promoting public transport will reduce congestion which will result in lower emissions and
improved air quality, especially NOx, with resulting benefits for health and therefore making cities
more 'liveable'. When people want to live in cities the population can be sustained without outflow
to the suburbs, particularly of families with children.
, - Similar points could be developed for other initiatives such as protected bicycle lanes and the ease
associated with the Oyster card system.
- Reducing congestion will improve travel times meaning that people are less likely to be late for
work and products delivered on time so businesses are able to maintain their income.
Suggest how a regeneration project can solve urban problems. [9 marks] - ANS(Olympic Park
Regeneration)
Outline one reason why rates of natural increase are high in many cities in LIC/NEEs. [2 marks] - ANS-
There is better healthcare (1) so more children survive and the population grows (1)/reducing the
death rate in relation to the birth rate and leading to natural increase (1)
- The population is younger (1) so they are more likely to have children and increase the population
(1)
- The birth rate is higher in cities than rural areas (1) because of the relatively youthful population (1).
To what extent has urban change created social and economic opportunities in a UK city you have
studied? [9 marks] - ANSLondon
- Likely to cover ideas such as low cost rent and ownership addresses low incomes, planting and
garden schemes improve environment, renovations
- With another possible theme of employment creation schemes and providing infrastructure to
promote economic investment.
Use Figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC or NEE to suggest why managing
traffic congestion and air pollution may be challenging. [6 marks] - ANS- 40% growth in number of
cars in Rio in the last decade
- Steep mountains in Rio (physical landscape difficulties)
- Older and poorer quality vehicles with higher emissions e.g. motorcycle taxis which dominate traffic
in LICs/NEEs will cause more air pollution
- Rapid industrialisation and lack of regulation will also be major contributors to air pollution
- Appraisal of the challenge may also cover ideas that historically cities in LIC/NEEs have continued to
function and find a way to operate and indeed prospered
Suggest reason(s) for inequalities in education in urban areas in the UK. [4 marks] - ANS- De-
industrialisation leading to inner city decline and subsequent deprivation leading to poorer
education in inner areas, e.g. Leyton / Stratford chosen as the Olympic Site as the most deprived
areas in the UK
With Assured Answers
Give two pull factors that encourage people to move to urban areas in LICs/NEEs. [2 marks] -
ANSBetter healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better paid jobs, wider
range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of living.
Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges. [4 marks] - ANS- Many
LIC/NEE cities are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase and rural to urban migration,
which makes it difficult for enough facilities to be provided to all the people.
- The new migrants to the city may have very little money and they have to build their own houses
from waste material. They cannot afford to build their own toilets.
- Many people have to use the toilets, which means they soon get dirty, and disease can spread
easily.
- The slums/squatter settlements are unplanned and sometimes illegal and so may not have sewers
or clean water pipes.
- LIC/NEE governments may lack the money to build sufficient toilets or to maintain them / ensure
they are safe.
- There may be a charge for using public toilets, which people in poverty cannot afford - so they are
forced to go in the street instead, spreading disease.
- Many children die from diseases caught by living in unsanitary conditions.
Outline one advantage of recycling waste. [2 marks] - ANS- Reduces amount going to landfill (1)
which cuts the amount of land needed to bury waste (1)
- Saves resources (1) as new materials do not have to be found to replace those thrown away (1)
- Reduction in energy consumption (1) as recycling is a less energy intensive process (1)
Assess the importance of managing transport as part of urban sustainability. [6 marks] - ANS- A wide
range of schemes might be mentioned, e.g. congestion charging, road pricing, low emission zones,
car sharing, parking restrictions, park and ride schemes, quota schemes for car ownership, petrol
pricing, promoting and improving public transport.
- Promoting public transport will reduce congestion which will result in lower emissions and
improved air quality, especially NOx, with resulting benefits for health and therefore making cities
more 'liveable'. When people want to live in cities the population can be sustained without outflow
to the suburbs, particularly of families with children.
, - Similar points could be developed for other initiatives such as protected bicycle lanes and the ease
associated with the Oyster card system.
- Reducing congestion will improve travel times meaning that people are less likely to be late for
work and products delivered on time so businesses are able to maintain their income.
Suggest how a regeneration project can solve urban problems. [9 marks] - ANS(Olympic Park
Regeneration)
Outline one reason why rates of natural increase are high in many cities in LIC/NEEs. [2 marks] - ANS-
There is better healthcare (1) so more children survive and the population grows (1)/reducing the
death rate in relation to the birth rate and leading to natural increase (1)
- The population is younger (1) so they are more likely to have children and increase the population
(1)
- The birth rate is higher in cities than rural areas (1) because of the relatively youthful population (1).
To what extent has urban change created social and economic opportunities in a UK city you have
studied? [9 marks] - ANSLondon
- Likely to cover ideas such as low cost rent and ownership addresses low incomes, planting and
garden schemes improve environment, renovations
- With another possible theme of employment creation schemes and providing infrastructure to
promote economic investment.
Use Figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC or NEE to suggest why managing
traffic congestion and air pollution may be challenging. [6 marks] - ANS- 40% growth in number of
cars in Rio in the last decade
- Steep mountains in Rio (physical landscape difficulties)
- Older and poorer quality vehicles with higher emissions e.g. motorcycle taxis which dominate traffic
in LICs/NEEs will cause more air pollution
- Rapid industrialisation and lack of regulation will also be major contributors to air pollution
- Appraisal of the challenge may also cover ideas that historically cities in LIC/NEEs have continued to
function and find a way to operate and indeed prospered
Suggest reason(s) for inequalities in education in urban areas in the UK. [4 marks] - ANS- De-
industrialisation leading to inner city decline and subsequent deprivation leading to poorer
education in inner areas, e.g. Leyton / Stratford chosen as the Olympic Site as the most deprived
areas in the UK
