NURS 5350 Adv Patho Exam 1

Seven specialized cellular functions: - movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction Nucleus - aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg yolk) Ribosomes - RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and secretion Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory) Golgi complex - Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and out of cytoplasm) Lysosomes - An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents; autodigestion occurs in starvation Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell Cytoskeleton - A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to move it on out Characteristics of plasma membrane - made up of lipids and proteins; the basic component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane - Phospholipid layer Prokaryote - unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia) Eukaryote - organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/ intracellular anatomy cellular receptors - protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands 3 types of cellular receptors - plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors, non-channel-linked receptors passive transport - The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules through any semi-permeable barrier (occurs down a concentration gradient) Diffusion - Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. concentration gradient - A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. hydrostatic pressure - the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular membranes Osmosis - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration; directly r/t hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL active transport - the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy mediated transport - simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport) passive mediated transport - "facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient active mediated transport - "active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major cellular energy currency Endocytosis - a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates (folds inward), and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell; lyzosomal enzymes destroy molecules in the vesicles Pinocytosis - "Cell drinking;" A type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles Phagocytosis - "Cell eating;" a type of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles) Exocytosis - secretion of macromolecules; helps replace portions of the plasma membrane; also releases molecules synthesized by the cells into the extracellular matrix 3 ways cells communicate - endocrine signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling endocrine signaling - remote signaling by secretion molecules (hormones) in the blood to remote cells paracrine signaling - secretion of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up and immobilized; contact signaling by plasma membrane bound molecules synaptic signaling - secretion of neurotransmitters @ specialized junctions called chemical synapse; contact signaling via gap junctions Glycolysis - the 2nd phase of cellular energy production following digestion; in this phase, a glucose molecule is split forming 2 molecules of ATP through the process of oxidation; in anaerobic conditions, this process provides energy for the cell oxidative phosphorylation - process by which energy is transferred into ATP movement of electrical impulses - membrane potentials the different in electrical charge - resting membrane potential active potential - a rapid change in the resting membrane potential; carries signals and conveys info from one cell to another threshold potential - a place where depolarization occurs and the action potential begins (depolarization of 15-20 millivolts) What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - hypoxia (lack of oxygen)