CPO STUDY TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Sinuses - ✔✔air spaces within the bones. Poor drainage, infection, or cancerous
enlargement of the sinuses may cause headaches, pain around eye, or pain from
behind the eye
✔✔Conjunctiva - ✔✔the clear, cellophane-like tissue that covers the sclera and the
inside surface of the eyelids.
✔✔Palpebral Conjunctiva - ✔✔Lines the lids
✔✔Bulbar Conjunctiva - ✔✔Covers the sclera
✔✔Cornea - ✔✔the clear, transparent tissue which is located on the very anterior
portion of the eye. Most powerful refractive media of the eye. Provides most of the eye's
ability to focus light. It is avascular. A slight furrow marks its junction with the sclera. It
has 5 layers.
✔✔Cornea's 5 Layers (front to back) - ✔✔1. Epithelium
2. Bowman's layer
3. Stroma
4. Descemet's membrane
5. Endothelium
✔✔Limbus - ✔✔The junction of the sclera and the cornea.
✔✔Iris - ✔✔the colored part of the eye. Consists of 2 muscles with a hole in the middle
(the pupil). The iris sphincter and dilator muscles control the size of the pupil for
maximum visual performance
✔✔Anterior Chamber - ✔✔Area inside the eye, behind the cornea and in front of the
iris. This area is filled with clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor
✔✔Aqueous Humor - ✔✔Clear watery fluid produced by the ciliary body. It fills the front
part of the posterior chamber and the entire anterior chamber. It provides nutrients for
the lens and posterior cornea and carries away waste products. It is also responsible for
maintain the intraocular pressure because it is the only fluid continually produced in the
eye
✔✔Crystalline lens - ✔✔provides focusing power to the eye. Allows for adjustment of
the eye to focus from distance to near (accommodation). The second most powerful
refractive medium. Held in place by ciliary body (ligaments)
,✔✔Ciliary Muscles - ✔✔the muscle inside the eyeball which alters the shape of the
crystalline lens. It has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye
✔✔Accommodation - ✔✔The focusing ability of the eye
✔✔Posterior Chamber - ✔✔the area located inside the eye, behind the iris and in front
of the lens
✔✔Retina - ✔✔the seeing part of the eye. Lines the sclera and is the place where light
coming into the eye is focused. Images that fall on the nerve cells of the retina are then
transmitted to the brain where they are interpreted
✔✔Choroid - ✔✔consists primarily of blood vessels that nourish the retina so it can
continue to function. It is between the sclera and the retina
✔✔Vitreous Humor - ✔✔a thick, clear, jelly like substance that fills the eye between the
lens and the retina. This serves to support the retina and helps to keep the eye round
✔✔Macula - ✔✔Fovea the central part of the retina which is used for seeing detail. It is
an area 3-5 mm in diameter, with the foveal depression at its center
✔✔Fovea Centralis - ✔✔area in the macula approximately 1.5mm in diameter where
the visual acuity is the sharpest. The fovea contains the highest number of cones, which
are responsible for daytime vision and color vision
✔✔Optic Nerve - ✔✔the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain. It
transmits the signals from the rods and cones to the brain
✔✔Optic Disc - ✔✔the appearance of the optic nerve when viewed through pupil. The
portion of the optic nerve which is formed by the meeting of all the retinal nerve fibers. It
is insensitive to light and corresponds to the physiological blind spot. The appearance of
the optic disc can be used to determine the healthiness of the nerve itself
✔✔Fundus - ✔✔the bottom or base of an organ, or the part of a hollow organ farthest
from the mouth. In eye care, fundus refers to the interior surface of the eyeball
✔✔Extraocular Muscles - ✔✔the 6 muscles attached to the sclera from the bones
surrounding the eye that serve to aim the eye in the direction we wish to look.
✔✔The 6 Extraocular Muscles - ✔✔1. Medial Rectus
2. Inferior Rectus
3. Lateral Rectus
4. Superior Rectus
5. Superior Oblique
, 6. Inferior Oblique
✔✔Medial Rectus - ✔✔the most powerful of the extraocular muscles. Its only action is
to turn the toward the nose (adduction)
✔✔Inferior Rectus - ✔✔its primary action is to turn the eye downward (depression). It
also adducts the eye. Additionally, it can rotate the top of the eye toward the temple and
the bottom of the eye toward the nose (extortion)
✔✔Lateral Rectus - ✔✔its only action is to move the eye away from the nose
(abduction)
✔✔Superior Rectus - ✔✔its primary action is to move the eye upward (elevation). It also
abducts the eye. Additionally, it can rotate the top of the eye toward the nose and the
bottom of the eye toward the temple (intorsion)
✔✔Superior Oblique - ✔✔its primary action is depression. It is also responsible for
abduction and intorsion
✔✔Inferior Oblique - ✔✔the only extraocular muscles that has its origin at the front of
the orbit. Its primary action is elevation. It is also responsible for adduction and
extrosion
✔✔The _______ is a clear, cellophane like tissue that lines the inside surface of the
eyelid - ✔✔Palperbral conjunctiva
✔✔The _______ muscle has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye -
✔✔Ciliary
✔✔The choroid consists primarily of blood vessels that nourish the: - ✔✔Retina
✔✔The ______ is the area located inside the eye, behind the iris and in front of the lens
- ✔✔Posterior chamber
✔✔The area of the macula where visual acuity is the sharpest and is used for daytime
and color vision is called the: - ✔✔Fovea centralis
✔✔Case history includes: - ✔✔demographic information as well as questions about the
primary or most important reason for the patient's visit (chief complaint). Also includes a
review of the patient's eye and general health as well as that of their immediate family
✔✔Visual Acuity - ✔✔a measure of the finest detail the eye can detect. Most often
distance vision is measured by Snellen letters (Snellen fraction)
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Sinuses - ✔✔air spaces within the bones. Poor drainage, infection, or cancerous
enlargement of the sinuses may cause headaches, pain around eye, or pain from
behind the eye
✔✔Conjunctiva - ✔✔the clear, cellophane-like tissue that covers the sclera and the
inside surface of the eyelids.
✔✔Palpebral Conjunctiva - ✔✔Lines the lids
✔✔Bulbar Conjunctiva - ✔✔Covers the sclera
✔✔Cornea - ✔✔the clear, transparent tissue which is located on the very anterior
portion of the eye. Most powerful refractive media of the eye. Provides most of the eye's
ability to focus light. It is avascular. A slight furrow marks its junction with the sclera. It
has 5 layers.
✔✔Cornea's 5 Layers (front to back) - ✔✔1. Epithelium
2. Bowman's layer
3. Stroma
4. Descemet's membrane
5. Endothelium
✔✔Limbus - ✔✔The junction of the sclera and the cornea.
✔✔Iris - ✔✔the colored part of the eye. Consists of 2 muscles with a hole in the middle
(the pupil). The iris sphincter and dilator muscles control the size of the pupil for
maximum visual performance
✔✔Anterior Chamber - ✔✔Area inside the eye, behind the cornea and in front of the
iris. This area is filled with clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor
✔✔Aqueous Humor - ✔✔Clear watery fluid produced by the ciliary body. It fills the front
part of the posterior chamber and the entire anterior chamber. It provides nutrients for
the lens and posterior cornea and carries away waste products. It is also responsible for
maintain the intraocular pressure because it is the only fluid continually produced in the
eye
✔✔Crystalline lens - ✔✔provides focusing power to the eye. Allows for adjustment of
the eye to focus from distance to near (accommodation). The second most powerful
refractive medium. Held in place by ciliary body (ligaments)
,✔✔Ciliary Muscles - ✔✔the muscle inside the eyeball which alters the shape of the
crystalline lens. It has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye
✔✔Accommodation - ✔✔The focusing ability of the eye
✔✔Posterior Chamber - ✔✔the area located inside the eye, behind the iris and in front
of the lens
✔✔Retina - ✔✔the seeing part of the eye. Lines the sclera and is the place where light
coming into the eye is focused. Images that fall on the nerve cells of the retina are then
transmitted to the brain where they are interpreted
✔✔Choroid - ✔✔consists primarily of blood vessels that nourish the retina so it can
continue to function. It is between the sclera and the retina
✔✔Vitreous Humor - ✔✔a thick, clear, jelly like substance that fills the eye between the
lens and the retina. This serves to support the retina and helps to keep the eye round
✔✔Macula - ✔✔Fovea the central part of the retina which is used for seeing detail. It is
an area 3-5 mm in diameter, with the foveal depression at its center
✔✔Fovea Centralis - ✔✔area in the macula approximately 1.5mm in diameter where
the visual acuity is the sharpest. The fovea contains the highest number of cones, which
are responsible for daytime vision and color vision
✔✔Optic Nerve - ✔✔the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain. It
transmits the signals from the rods and cones to the brain
✔✔Optic Disc - ✔✔the appearance of the optic nerve when viewed through pupil. The
portion of the optic nerve which is formed by the meeting of all the retinal nerve fibers. It
is insensitive to light and corresponds to the physiological blind spot. The appearance of
the optic disc can be used to determine the healthiness of the nerve itself
✔✔Fundus - ✔✔the bottom or base of an organ, or the part of a hollow organ farthest
from the mouth. In eye care, fundus refers to the interior surface of the eyeball
✔✔Extraocular Muscles - ✔✔the 6 muscles attached to the sclera from the bones
surrounding the eye that serve to aim the eye in the direction we wish to look.
✔✔The 6 Extraocular Muscles - ✔✔1. Medial Rectus
2. Inferior Rectus
3. Lateral Rectus
4. Superior Rectus
5. Superior Oblique
, 6. Inferior Oblique
✔✔Medial Rectus - ✔✔the most powerful of the extraocular muscles. Its only action is
to turn the toward the nose (adduction)
✔✔Inferior Rectus - ✔✔its primary action is to turn the eye downward (depression). It
also adducts the eye. Additionally, it can rotate the top of the eye toward the temple and
the bottom of the eye toward the nose (extortion)
✔✔Lateral Rectus - ✔✔its only action is to move the eye away from the nose
(abduction)
✔✔Superior Rectus - ✔✔its primary action is to move the eye upward (elevation). It also
abducts the eye. Additionally, it can rotate the top of the eye toward the nose and the
bottom of the eye toward the temple (intorsion)
✔✔Superior Oblique - ✔✔its primary action is depression. It is also responsible for
abduction and intorsion
✔✔Inferior Oblique - ✔✔the only extraocular muscles that has its origin at the front of
the orbit. Its primary action is elevation. It is also responsible for adduction and
extrosion
✔✔The _______ is a clear, cellophane like tissue that lines the inside surface of the
eyelid - ✔✔Palperbral conjunctiva
✔✔The _______ muscle has direct control over the focusing ability of the eye -
✔✔Ciliary
✔✔The choroid consists primarily of blood vessels that nourish the: - ✔✔Retina
✔✔The ______ is the area located inside the eye, behind the iris and in front of the lens
- ✔✔Posterior chamber
✔✔The area of the macula where visual acuity is the sharpest and is used for daytime
and color vision is called the: - ✔✔Fovea centralis
✔✔Case history includes: - ✔✔demographic information as well as questions about the
primary or most important reason for the patient's visit (chief complaint). Also includes a
review of the patient's eye and general health as well as that of their immediate family
✔✔Visual Acuity - ✔✔a measure of the finest detail the eye can detect. Most often
distance vision is measured by Snellen letters (Snellen fraction)
