CRIM 260 Final Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

CRIM 260 Final Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers Research studies indicate that good parenting only lowers the risk of delinquency for children living in affluent area. a. true b. false Children from working poor families are most likely to suffer from inadequate child care. a. true b. false Effective parenting can help neutralize the effect of both individual and social forces, which promote delinquent behaviors. a. true b. false Blended families are more stable than families consisting of two biological parents. a. true b. false Stepchildren are overrepresented in cases of familicide. a. true b. false Which of the following children is least likely to live in a two-parent household? a. an African-American child b. an Asian child c. a Hispanic child d. a White, non-Hispanic child Approximately what percent of teens today that give birth are unmarried? a. 50% b. 66% c. 75% d. 90% According to the latest information, what racial and/or ethnic category has the highest birthrate? a. Asian b. African-American c. Hispanic d. White About 90 percent of day care providers: a. Routinely pass the stringent licensing requirements b. Routinely keep youths in holding pens to manage their behavior c. Have been under investigation at some time or another d. Operate "underground" Approximately __________ American children currently live in extreme poverty. a. 500,000 b. 3 Million c. 7 Million d. 12.5 Million Which of the following best describes a blended family? a. Nuclear families made up of two parents, their children, and grandparents b. Nuclear families made up of two parents and their children c. Nuclear families made up of children and one single parent d. Nuclear families that are the produce of divorce and remarriage Delinquency will be reduced if parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families, while giving them the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior, a phenomenon referred to as __________. a. Parental efficacy b. Balancing of interest c. Familicide d. Tracking Large families may suffer from _______________________ when resources are spread too thin. a. Paternalism b. Restitution c. Resource dilution d. Resource competition In the United States today, an estimated ________ children die each year because of abuse. a. 500 b. 900 c. 1,200 d. 1,600 ___________________ refers to deprivations children suffer at the hands of their parents, such as lack of food, shelter, and adequate health care. a. Physical abuse b. Physical neglect c. Emotional abuse d. Emotional neglect According to social learning theory, kids who fall in with a bad crowd learn bad habits, attitudes, and behavior from their more deviant friends. a. True b. False Control theorists believe that delinquency is caused by kids having positive relationships with conventional (pro-social) others. a. True b. False According to the text, about 90% of gang members are racial minorities. a. True b. False According to the text, White, non-Hispanic gang membership is higher in ________ environments. a. Rural b. Urban Gang experts believe the average age of gang members has been ___________, a condition explained in part by the changing structure of the economy. a. Increasing b. Decreasing Co-offending is defined as: a. the tendency for youths to commit two or more delinquent acts rather than a single act b. the tendency for youths to use drugs or alcohol when they commit delinquent acts c. the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone d. the tendency for youths to commit delinquent acts when with older youths According to __________________ theory, delinquents are as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society. a. Socio-cultural (Cultural theories) b. Social Control/ Social Bond c. Social Disorganization d. Social Strain Choose the most appropriate theoretical perspective: ____________ theory would argue that gangs are more prevalent in lower-class neighborhoods because of weakened social institutions and lower levels of collective efficacy that are present in these areas. a. Social Strain b. Social Disorganization c. Social Control d. Social Learning The 2012 Youth Gang Survey depicted an estimated 30,000 gangs containing about ______________ gang members active in the United States. a. 320,000 b. 650,000 c. 850,000 d. 1.2 Million Which of the following is a well-known gang resistance and education strategy taught in schools? a. G.R.A.D.E. b. G.R.A.N.D. c. G.R.E.A.T. d. D.A.R.E. The __________ is considered by some experts to be the most dangerous gang in the United States. a. MS-13 b. Bloods c. Crips d. Wu Tang Disciples Choose the most appropriate theoretical perspective: ___________ theory would argue that gangs represent positive relationships with anti-social others, where a youth may acquire definitions favorable to deviant behavior. a. Social Strain b. Social Disorganization c. Social Control d. Social Learning Choose the most appropriate theoretical perspective: ____________ theory would argue that particularly lower class youth might turn to gang membership as a coping mechanism to meet basic needs, or whereby they might find an alternative version of status, wealth, etc. a. Social Strain b. Social Disorganization c. Social Control d. Social Learning Which of the following is not a method of gang control? a. Targeted (hot spots) patrol b. Curfew ordinances c. Targeted firearms initiatives d. All of the above can be used to control gangs Dropout factories are high schools where the completion rate is 75 percent or less. a. True b. False African American students drop out at a lower rate than European American students. a. True b. False Researchers find that school failure is a stronger predictor of delinquency than variables such as economic class, race/ethnic background, or peer-group relations. a. True b. False Delinquency has been associated with low self-control and impulsivity, traits that also may produce school failure. a. True b. False African-American children receive a disproportionally higher number of disciplinary infractions than children from other racial categories, even when their behavior is quite similar. a. True b. False 35Approximately what percentage of high school students drop out? a. 20 % b. 25 % c. 33 % d. 40 % Over time the overall dropout rate has: a. Increased b. Decreased c. Stayed about the same Which is not one of the effects of dropping out of high school? a. The median income of dropouts is substantially less than those who complete. b. Dropouts report higher tax contributions than those who complete. c. Dropouts make up a disproportionately higher percentage of the nation's prison and death row inmates. d. Those who leave school early have a long history of poor school performance and antisocial behaviors. Academic tracking refers to: a. School monitoring student performance to identify students that need help b. Recording where students end up five years after graduation c. Dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level d. Identifying patterns of delinquency and victimization inside schools While the number has declined, about what percentage of 9th- to 12th-grade students reported bringing a weapon to school regularly? a. 5 % b. 11 % c. 25 % d. 31 % Which of the following is not a time when most school shooting incidents occur? a. At the beginning of the school day b. During a lunch period c. At the end of the school day d. During a sporting event Research indicates that the social and educational atmosphere of a school: a. Is one of the most important predictors of levels of violence b. Is the least important predictor of violence c. Has no impact on school crime d. Has proven to be a mixed bag of results on levels of crime and violence According to the text, high school dropouts cost the economy approximately, ____________ over their lifetime in terms of lower tax contributions, higher reliance on government assistance, and higher rates or criminal activity. a. $240,000 b. $350,000 c. $500,000 d. $1.1 Million Self-report surveys indicate marijuana is the substance of choice among teenagers, just ahead of alcohol and barbiturates. a. True b. False According to the text, heroin is the most commonly used narcotic in the United States. a. True b. False Recent survey results indicate that drug use among adolescents is on the decline from peak levels in the 1990s. a. True b. False The association between delinquency and drug use has been established and takes a number of forms. a. True b. False Today, Afghanistan is the world leader in opium production. a. True b. False ____________ is/are probably the most dangerous commonly abused drug. a. Steroids b. Marijuana c. Cocaine d. Heroin What percent of high school seniors reported using alcohol in the past year?