PHI 2600 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers

PHI 2600 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers Glaucon's story of Gyges's ring is used to support which of the following conclusions? People behave morally only because they lack the power to get away with being immoral. Identify the fallacy in the following argument: "All acts of so-called altruism, including Luigi's heroism, are motivated by psychological egoism. After all, you can't prove that Luigi who ran into a burning building to save a child, was acting purely out of self-interest" Ignorance When serial killer Craig Price was asked if he thought that what he had done was wrong he replied, "[Morality] is a private choice." Which moral theory was Price adopting? Ethical subjectivism Which of the following statements would you most likely hear from an Epicurean hedonism? "Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow you may die." Which of the following theories maintains that we always act out of self-interest? Psychological egoism According to Hobbes, which passion inclines men to peace? Fear of death Psychological egoism is weak as a theory because it.. does not meet the requirement of falsifiability. What, according to Ayn Rand, is necessary for our survival as humans? Reason You are graduating from college in three months. You go to Ayn Rand, who is the career service officer at your college. She would most likely advise you to... Figure out what talents you have; then find a well paying job where you can best use your talents. Which economics system did Ayn Rand claim was the best morally? Capitalism In the Fountainhead, architect Howard Roark praises which trait in people? Independence Both Rand and Aristotle believed that happiness is an happiness is an important goal for humans. However, unlike Rand, Aristotle believed that we can best achieve this goal through... active membership in society. Which of the following would Adam Smith most likely have predicted would follow from capitalists' pursuit of their own interest? An increase in the standard of living in the Third World countries that host multinational corporations Which of the following people claimed that the ethical egoism underlying capitalism serves as a tool of oppression? Franz Fanon and Gustavo Gutierrez Which of the following events would Ayn Rand most likely use to support her view of Marxism? The collapse of the Soviet Union. You are hiring an assistant manager for your company. You've limited the pool of applicants to four equally qualified people. Which of the following acts is morally obligatory or acceptable, according to James Rachels, if we accept the ethical egoists' definition of moral community? Nepotism: hire your daughter for the job because she's the one you created the job for in the first place. Communitarians regard this as the basis of morality. Democracy "No man can live for another. He cannot share his spirit just as he cannot share his body. But the second-handler has used altruism as a weapon of exploitation and reversed the base of mankind's moral principles." Ayn Rand "The right of nature...is the liberty each man hath, to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own nature; that is to say, of his own life..." Thomas Hobbes "The colonialists bourgeoisie had hammered into the natives' mind the idea of a society of individuals where each person shuts himself up in his own subjectivity, and whose only wealth is individual thought...[However] the interest of one will be the interest of all, for in concrete fact everyone will be discovered by the troops, everyone will be massacred - or everyone will be saved." Frantz Franon According to utilitarians, this is what makes people happy. Pleasure and the absence of pain. Which of the following expressions would you most likely to hear utilitarians using to justify their actions? "The ends justify the means." You are the captain of a boat smuggling a family of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. A German naval boat comes alongside your boat and an officer asks if you have any Jews aboard. If you say "yes" he will come aboard and shoot them. If you say "no" he will, you hope, continue on his way and leave you alone. What would a rule-utilitarian most likely suggest that you do? Don't lie to the naval officer because lying, in general causes more harm than good. According to Mo Tzu, the principle of love Applies universally and equally to all people. Regarding the confinement raising of chickens for food, Jeremy Bentham would most likely argue that it is... not morally acceptable because chickens experience pain. Identify the fallacy in the following argument: "I hear that the philosopher Jeremy Bentham donated his estate to the University of London on the condition that his body be present at all board meetings. He must have been a real fruitcake. As far as I'm concerned his moral philosophy can't have any validity." Abusive Which of the following theories gives moral consideration to cats and coyotes as well humans? Utilitarianism Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration when performing Bentham's utilitarian calculus? The intensity of the pleasure Which of the following two philosophers had the greatest influence on Bentham's formulation of his theory? David Hume and Epicurus John Stuart Mill agreed with Jeremy Bentham on which of the following points? Tradition is one of the main causes of unhappiness. According to John Stuart Mill, it is better to be... an unhappy human than a happy pig. In his essay "Utilitarianism," Mill held this up as embodying the "complete spirit of the ethics of utility" Jesus' Golden Rule In 1995, China passed the Material and Infant Health Care Law which bans marriages between couples "with certain genetic disease of a serious nature" unless they agree to sterilization or long-term contraction. The law also requires doctors to "advise" parents to abort if an abnormality is detected in the fetus. The state justifies this law as a measure to "shed one of the economic burden" of caring for disabled people. This justification is based on which of the following metaethical theories? Utilitarianism Which of the following did Mill regard as our most important moral duty/right? Nonmaleficence According to Pete Singer, what question ought experimenters who plan to use animals as subjects first ask themselves? Will I be willing to use humans at the same cognitive level as the animal subjects in this experiment? Which of the following arguments might a utilitarian use to support or oppose capital punishment? Capital punishment should not be legal because it is costly and has no deterrent effect on crime. Utilitarian theory has been criticizes for failing to take into consideration which aspect of justice? Justice based on individual merit. "It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognized the fact, that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others." John Stuart Mill "The interest of the community is one of the most general expressions that can occur in the phraseology of morals...The interest of the community then is, what? - the sum of the interests of the several members who compose it." Jeremy Betham "Sexists [and racists] violate the principle of equality by favoring the interest of their own sex [race]. Similarly specialist allow the interests of their own species to override the greater interest of members of other species. The pattern is identical in each case." Peter Singer According to prima facie deontologists, a moral duty is binding unless it... conflicts with a more compelling moral duty. What, according to Confucius, is the fundamental source of moral knowledge? The universe or Way Your widowed and ailing father needs someone to look after him. Although he can afford to hire in-home care, he would prefer to have you, his only child, do it. However, you would rather live on campus. If you live at home, you would have to commute almost an hour to college and miss out on a campus life. You turn to Confucius for advise. He would most likely advise you to... live at home with your father and commute to school. According to Kant, members of the moral community or kingdom of ends include(s)... humans because they are rational. Which of the following, according to Kant, is a characteristic moral maxims and duties? They are universally binding. According to deontologists, autonomous moral agents... use their reason to discern moral principles and make moral decisions. The categorical imperative requires us to... always treat persons as ends-in-themselves. Identify the fallacy in the following argument: "According to Kant, we ought to do our duty. As a member of a fraternity, I have a sworn duty to stand by my brothers. Therefore, it would be unethical for me to testify against my brothers in the upcoming rape trial." Equivocation The development of proper self-esteem (the duty of self improvement) in deontology requires that we... cultivate the good will You were up late last night helping a friend who is depressed. As a result you didn't have enough time to study for your ethics exam today. You are a good student and plan to go onto medical school next year and, after that, work in an inner-city clinic. You need to pass ethics in order to graduate. When you look at the test you realize you will not be able to pass. However, you notice that you can see the answers of the student sitting in front of you. She is one of the best students in the class. Should you copy her answers? What would Kant say? No, you shouldn't copy the test answers because it is dishonest. Roberta is depressed and, you suspect, contemplating suicide. Her husband had told her he was going out of town for a week to a business conference. Roberta misses him terribly and is looking forward to his return. You were also at the conference but left early because of other commitments. Roberta calls shortly after return home and asks if you saw Jack at the conference. She was unable to reach him by phone and is very concerned. You know that he is not at the conference but, instead, is in Bermuda with her best friend, Joan. Do you lie and say he was at the conference, or do you tell Roberta the truth? Sissela Bok would most likely advise you to...