UNRS 367: FINAL Exam Questions And
Detailed Answers.
apoptosis - Answer (irreversible cell injury)
-programmed *cell death*
-triggered by signaling pathways
-occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell
-activates a cellular suicide response
-not always a pathologic process
>> i.e. 95% of T lymphocytes that are generated in the bone marrow undergo apoptosis after reaching
the thymus
paracrine cell signaling - Answer -ligand signaling
-through extracellular fluid between cells in a tissue
-*paracrine* = localized areas
i.e. growth factors to promote wound healing
phagocytosis - Answer eat up/engulf bacteria or harmful agents
phagocytosis + inflammation - Answer *Neutrophils*
-Essential phagocytes in inflammation.
-Arrive FIRST
-Live only 1 - 2 days and then becomes part of pus
-WBC will rise
*Macrophages*
-When monocytes leave the blood, they are called macrophages.
-Arrive 3-7 days later
,-Initiate phagocytosis to clean up the area so healing can occur.
-help destroy the agent/antigen
-signal the immune response to progress
-Long life span -> live for weeks.
necrosis - Answer (irreversible cell injury)
-Usually occurs as a consequence of *ischemia* or *toxic injury*
-Results in *inflammation* and collateral *tissue damage*
-occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
-*Local and systemic* indicators of *cell death*
-Tissues have endured the injury too long—> cells start to die
COAGULATIVE necrosis - Answer -cell proteins are altered or denatured
-Process begins with ischemia
-Ends with *degradation* of plasma membrane
-most common type of tissue necrosis (*HEART*)
LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis - Answer -in *brain*, bacterial infections (leading to *abscesses*), or wet
gangrene
-Occurs with dissolution of dead cells
-Liquification of lysosomal enzymes
-Formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue
FAT necrosis - Answer -fatty tissue broken down into *fatty acids*
-Death of adipose tissue (in *PANCREAS*)
-Usually the result of trauma or pancreatitis
-Appears as a chalky white area of tissue
,CASEOUS necrosis - Answer -Characteristic of *LUNG* damage secondary to tuberculosis (airborne
transmission)
-Resembles clumpy cheese
dysplasia - Answer -DERANGED cellular growth
-*abnormal* development of cells, tissues, or organs
-can be precancerous
top 10 hospital infection control concerns - Answer 1- Clostridium difficile ("C. diff")
2- Handwashing
3- Surveillance Practice for MRSA, VRE, others
4- Collaboration w/ community organizations
5- Emerging infectious organisms & resistance
6- Hospital Acquired Infections
7- Reducing Clinicians' Unnecessary Use of Antibiotics
8- Engaging Housekeeping & Environmental Services Staff
9- Raising levels of vaccines among healthcare workers
10- Understanding reporting & transparency
C. diff - Answer -a bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon)
-Symptoms: PUNGENT diarrhea, loose, watery stools, fever, stomach tenderness/pain, loss of appetite,
and nausea
-More than 80% of C. diff deaths occur in people 65+
-1 in 5 ppl who had C. diff will get it again.
-*only* formally diagnosed by a *stool sample* that analyzes for toxins or toxic genes of the C. diff
bacteria
Some common diseases that result from C. diff are pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), toxic megacolon,
perforations of the colon, and sepsis.
, Which patient would be the most likely to contract C diff? - Answer A 68 year old male on antibiotics
handwashing - Answer -#1 prevention for HAI
-also #1 neglected action relating to infection control
-Always use proper technique
-*5 points of handwashing* (surface of hands, palms, under fingernails, wrist, btwn fingers)
-Let your patients know how handwashing can affect their stay at the hospital
-Have accountability between you and your colleagues
Surveillance Practice for MRSA, VRE, others - Answer -Patients are at the highest risk
-*Biofilms*: complex multicellular mass
>> Bacteria, fungi, viruses
>> An increase in biofilm formation, increases the resistance of MDROs (multi-drug resistant organisms)!
>> Biofilms can formulate from infections due to indwelling devices
-Clinical manifestations that come from MDRO are far more costly to care for than active surveillance
itself
Which of the following is NOT considered a biofilm? - Answer Parasite
collaboration w/ community organizations - Answer -Better communication btwn healthcare facilities
-A universal standard of infection control
-Informing the community
-Health education
-Collaboration instead of competition
Emerging infectious organisms & resistance - Answer -VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)
-Over-prescribed abx
-1/7 CAUTIs and HAIs are caused by resistant bacteria
-Candida auris Number 1 emerging infection 2018-2019
Detailed Answers.
apoptosis - Answer (irreversible cell injury)
-programmed *cell death*
-triggered by signaling pathways
-occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell
-activates a cellular suicide response
-not always a pathologic process
>> i.e. 95% of T lymphocytes that are generated in the bone marrow undergo apoptosis after reaching
the thymus
paracrine cell signaling - Answer -ligand signaling
-through extracellular fluid between cells in a tissue
-*paracrine* = localized areas
i.e. growth factors to promote wound healing
phagocytosis - Answer eat up/engulf bacteria or harmful agents
phagocytosis + inflammation - Answer *Neutrophils*
-Essential phagocytes in inflammation.
-Arrive FIRST
-Live only 1 - 2 days and then becomes part of pus
-WBC will rise
*Macrophages*
-When monocytes leave the blood, they are called macrophages.
-Arrive 3-7 days later
,-Initiate phagocytosis to clean up the area so healing can occur.
-help destroy the agent/antigen
-signal the immune response to progress
-Long life span -> live for weeks.
necrosis - Answer (irreversible cell injury)
-Usually occurs as a consequence of *ischemia* or *toxic injury*
-Results in *inflammation* and collateral *tissue damage*
-occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
-*Local and systemic* indicators of *cell death*
-Tissues have endured the injury too long—> cells start to die
COAGULATIVE necrosis - Answer -cell proteins are altered or denatured
-Process begins with ischemia
-Ends with *degradation* of plasma membrane
-most common type of tissue necrosis (*HEART*)
LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis - Answer -in *brain*, bacterial infections (leading to *abscesses*), or wet
gangrene
-Occurs with dissolution of dead cells
-Liquification of lysosomal enzymes
-Formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue
FAT necrosis - Answer -fatty tissue broken down into *fatty acids*
-Death of adipose tissue (in *PANCREAS*)
-Usually the result of trauma or pancreatitis
-Appears as a chalky white area of tissue
,CASEOUS necrosis - Answer -Characteristic of *LUNG* damage secondary to tuberculosis (airborne
transmission)
-Resembles clumpy cheese
dysplasia - Answer -DERANGED cellular growth
-*abnormal* development of cells, tissues, or organs
-can be precancerous
top 10 hospital infection control concerns - Answer 1- Clostridium difficile ("C. diff")
2- Handwashing
3- Surveillance Practice for MRSA, VRE, others
4- Collaboration w/ community organizations
5- Emerging infectious organisms & resistance
6- Hospital Acquired Infections
7- Reducing Clinicians' Unnecessary Use of Antibiotics
8- Engaging Housekeeping & Environmental Services Staff
9- Raising levels of vaccines among healthcare workers
10- Understanding reporting & transparency
C. diff - Answer -a bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis (an inflammation of the colon)
-Symptoms: PUNGENT diarrhea, loose, watery stools, fever, stomach tenderness/pain, loss of appetite,
and nausea
-More than 80% of C. diff deaths occur in people 65+
-1 in 5 ppl who had C. diff will get it again.
-*only* formally diagnosed by a *stool sample* that analyzes for toxins or toxic genes of the C. diff
bacteria
Some common diseases that result from C. diff are pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), toxic megacolon,
perforations of the colon, and sepsis.
, Which patient would be the most likely to contract C diff? - Answer A 68 year old male on antibiotics
handwashing - Answer -#1 prevention for HAI
-also #1 neglected action relating to infection control
-Always use proper technique
-*5 points of handwashing* (surface of hands, palms, under fingernails, wrist, btwn fingers)
-Let your patients know how handwashing can affect their stay at the hospital
-Have accountability between you and your colleagues
Surveillance Practice for MRSA, VRE, others - Answer -Patients are at the highest risk
-*Biofilms*: complex multicellular mass
>> Bacteria, fungi, viruses
>> An increase in biofilm formation, increases the resistance of MDROs (multi-drug resistant organisms)!
>> Biofilms can formulate from infections due to indwelling devices
-Clinical manifestations that come from MDRO are far more costly to care for than active surveillance
itself
Which of the following is NOT considered a biofilm? - Answer Parasite
collaboration w/ community organizations - Answer -Better communication btwn healthcare facilities
-A universal standard of infection control
-Informing the community
-Health education
-Collaboration instead of competition
Emerging infectious organisms & resistance - Answer -VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)
-Over-prescribed abx
-1/7 CAUTIs and HAIs are caused by resistant bacteria
-Candida auris Number 1 emerging infection 2018-2019
