PLS 101 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. Graded A+

PLS 101 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS "Public figures - Correct Answer People who assume roles of prominence in society and thrust themselves to the fore front of public controversy" "Right to privacy - Correct Answer Right to be left alone; 1st, 3rd, 4th, 9th, and 14th amendments" "Selective incorporation - Correct Answer most, but not all, protections in the bill of rights are made applicable to the states via the 14th amendment" Amendments protecting the accused - Correct Answer "Due process of the law"" "Bill of rights - Correct Answer Imposes limits on the control the national government has over individuals but does not do the same for state government" "Civil liberties - Correct Answer Specific individual rights that are constitutionally protected against government infringement: Speech, self-incrimination" "Clear and present danger test - Correct Answer means by which the supreme court has distinguished between speech as the advocacy of ideas and speech as incitement" "Due process - Correct Answer Legal protections that are designed to ensure individual rights are respected by the government" "Establishment clause - Correct Answer 1st clause in the 1st amendment, forbids government establishment of religion" "Exclusionary rule - Correct Answer Evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in trial" "Free-expression clause - Correct Answer Freedom of press and speech, 1st amendment" "Free-exercise clause - Correct Answer 2nd clause of the 1st amendment, prevents government from interfering with the exercise of religion" "Habeas Corpus - Correct Answer Legal doctrine that says a person who is arrested must have a timely hearing before a judge" "Incorporation - Correct Answer Interpreting the "due process clause" of the 14th amendment as containing provisions of the bill of rights" "Lemon test - Correct Answer Must have a secular purpose, must not advance or inhibit religion, must not entangle the government in religion" "Libel - Correct Answer Publication of material that falsely damages a person's reputation" "Miranda Rights - Correct Answer Statements police are required to make to a person before they are subject to in-custody questioning" "Prior restraint - Correct Answer Government prohibition of speech or publication before the fact" "Slander - Correct Answer Spoken words that falsely damage one's reputation" "Symbolic speech - Correct Answer Expression of an idea or viewpoint through an action" "Time, place, and manner restrictions - Correct Answer Rules on speech to prevent disruptions or safety threats" "Affirmative action - Correct Answer Wide range of programs aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups" "Brown v. Topeka board of education - Correct Answer Court held that seperate but equal was inherently unequal when it comes to public education" "Boycott - Correct Answer Refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval of their beliefs or action" "Civil disobedience - Correct Answer Willful but nonviolent break of laws that are regarded as unjust" "Civil rights - Correct Answer Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals" "Civil rights act of 1964 - Correct Answer Entitles all persons to equal access to establishments serving the general public" "Voting rights act of 1965 - Correct Answer Empowers federal agents to register voters and to oversee participation in elections" "Civil war amendments - Correct Answer gave black males the right to vote and provided protection for all persons" "De facto segregation - Correct Answer Segregation that is not the result of government influence" "De jure segregation - Correct Answer Government imposed segregation" "Equality of outcome - Correct Answer Concept that society must ensure everyones equal and the government must design policies to make sure everyone's equal" "Equality of opportunity - Correct Answer Idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life" "Equal protection clause - Correct Answer Section of the 14th amendment that guarantees all citizens receive equal protection of the laws" "Invidious discrimination - Correct Answer Discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity" "Jim Crow laws - Correct Answer Laws enacted by the southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations" "Literacy test - Correct Answer Device used by the southern states too prevent african americans from voting" "Newsworthiness - Correct Answer Degree to which a news story is important enough to be covered by mass media" "Objective journalism - Correct Answer facts rather than opinions and shows both sides of a partisan debate" "Interpretive reporting - Correct Answer Analyze, evaluate, and explain developments rather than merely reporting them" "Descriptive reporting - Correct Answer Journalists provide a straight forward description of events" "Partisan press - Correct Answer Newspapers and other forms of media that openly support a political party and whose news follows that party line" "Signaler role of the media - Correct Answer Alerts public to certain issues" "Agenda setting role of the media - Correct Answer Focuses publics attention on issues that the media think are most important" "Common Carrier role of the media - Correct Answer Act as an open channel for political leaders" "Television hypothesis - Correct Answer Belief that television is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs" "Yellow Journalism - Correct Answer a form of journalism that focuses on all the unnecessary stuff just to attract viewers" "Plessy v Ferguson - Correct Answer Court upheld the state-imposed racial segregation based on the "seperate-but-equal" doctrine" "Poll tax - Correct Answer Tax of 1 or 2 dollars on citizens who wished to vote, effectively disenfranchising black voters" "University of California v Bakke - Correct Answer Bakke's constitutional right of equal protection was violated, but preserved the use of race as an admission criteria" "Seperate but equal - Correct Answer Concept that proving seperate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause" "Strict scrutiny test - Correct Answer Standard used by the supreme court in deciding whether a law or policy is to be deemed constitutional or not" "Suspect classifications - Correct Answer Category or class, such as race, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court" "19th amendment - Correct Answer Gave women the right to vote" "Romer v. Evans - Correct Answer Struck down a colorado law preventing protected status based on sexual orientation" "Obergefell v. Hodges - Correct Answer 14th Amendment, requires both marriage licensing and recognition for same-sex couples" "Equal opportunities rule - Correct Answer Any station the gives air time to a candidate must provide the same airtime for all other candidates under the same conditions" "Reasonable access rule - Correct Answer Requires broadcast stations to make their facilities available for the expression of conflicting views or issues" "Federal communications commission - Correct Answer Regulates interstate and international communication by radio, television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite" "Framing - Correct Answer Defining a political issue which affects the opinion of the issue" "Gatekeepers - Correct Answer Media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who direct the flow of news" "Group media - Correct Answer communications technologies used primarily within groups of people with common interests" "Infotainment - Correct Answer Mix of information and diversion oriented to personalities or celebrities, not linked to the day's events" "Market driven journalism - Correct Answer Both reporting news and running commercials geared to a target audience" "Mass media - Correct Answer Means for communicating information to large heterogeneous, widely dispersed audiences" "Muckrakers - Correct Answer Journalists who expose misconduct of businesses, the government, and individual politicians" "Narrowcasting - Correct Answer Programming targeted at a specific population within a society"